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BiologyClass 12CBSE

Who are Polly and Molly sheep and why are they significant?

Polly and Molly are cloned sheep, demonstrating reproductive cloning using somatic cell nuclear transfer. Polly was genetically modified before cloning, and Molly is one of the first cloned mammals from an adult somatic cell.<img width="639px;" height="360px;" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/4gHYSUNDX1BST0ZJTEUAAQEAAAHIAAAAAAQwAABtbnRyUkdCIFhZWiAH4AABAAEAAAAAAABhY3NwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQAA9tYAAQAAAADTLQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

BiologyClass 12CBSE

Who is ANDi monkey and why is it significant in genetic research?

ANDi is the first genetically modified primate created using viral gene transfer, expressing a green fluorescent protein. It demonstrates the potential for genetic engineering in primates for biomedical research.<img width="512px;" height="384px;" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/4gHYSUNDX1BST0ZJTEUAAQEAAAHIAAAAAAQwAABtbnRyUkdCIFhZWiAH4AABAAEAAAAAAABhY3NwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQAA9tYAAQAAAADTLQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

BiologyClass 12CBSE

What are genetically modified animals and their applications?

Genetically modified animals are engineered by altering their DNA to express desired traits, such as improved milk production, disease resistance, or growth characteristics. Commonly used in agriculture and research.<img width="505px;" height="336px;" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/4gHYSUNDX1BST0ZJTEUAAQEAAAHIAAAAAAQwAABtbnRyUkdCIFhZWiAH4AABAAEAAAAAAABhY3NwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQAA9tYAAQAAAADTLQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

BiologyClass 12CBSE

What are the steps of Western blot for protein detection?

Separation gel, blotting, immunostaining with labeled antibodies, and autoradiography visualization.<img width="665px;" height="401px;" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAqYAAAF9CAYAAADWaqruAAAQAElEQVR4AeydB4AWNdPH/88dx3HA0XuVJgoqiCiKiA0LShOxYUdFxS723rvYEAs2UEFAUEFBBQG7gg3pKkWQ3utRjrtvftnNcwsCIvj6Ae7dzmYymUwmk2wym93Nk5KbMzc3htgGcR+I+0DcB+I+EPeBuA/EfSDuA//ffSBF8V9sgdgCsQViC/wPLRCLji0QWyC2QGyBbbVA7Jhuq6VivtgCsQViC8QWiC0QWyC2QGyB/6kFtssx/Z9qFAuPLRBbILZAbIHYArEFYgvEFvhPWiB

BiologyClass 12CBSE

What are the key steps in an ELISA assay?

Coating, blocking, sample addition, detection antibody, and readout.<img width="377px;" height="416px;" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAjAAAAJqCAYAAAA15Hr+AAAQAElEQVR4AeydB2AURRfHf1eSK6kkgQCh96J0BBEbIlJFQAREUBAEAUWqCCiifigqCEhHOkjvIIj03nvvHQIJkN5z38wlFy4hgSQECGQ2+zKzszNv3vx3Z+d/b/ZutJbYGxYlCgN1D6h7QN0D6h5Q94C6B56le0CL2hQCCgGFgEJAIaAQSCMCKvvTRkARmKd9BVT9CgGFgEJAIaAQUAikGQFFYNIMmSqgEFAIKASePgLKAoVAVkdAEZisfgeo9isEFAIKAYWAQuAZREARmGfwoimTFQJPHwFlgUJAIaAQeLoIKALzdPFXtSs

BiologyClass 12CBSE

What are the main components of a bioreactor system?

Feeding pump, agitation system, reactor tank, submerged aerator, thermal jacket, sensor probes, and effluent pump.<img width="389px;" height="403px;" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAABLAAAATdCAYAAABfS69LAAAQAElEQVR4AeydBZxU1fvG3wHkb/uzu7EDMcBAQQRMDBSVsBCRbulYQkJSkRQUFQMDuwDF7sYWEzuwFQHZ//Nc9i5n7k7uzsxOPHze9568J773zjL3nfecW8X0TwREQAREQAREQAREQAREQAREQAREIN8JaH4ikNMEZMDK6cunwYuACIiACIiACIiACIiACGSOgHoSAREQARGoLAIyYFUWefUrAiIgAiIgAiIgAoVIQHMWAREQAREQAREQgXIQkAGrHNB0igiIg

BiologyClass 12CBSE

What are the three main steps of one PCR cycle and their corresponding temperatures?

Denaturation at 95°C, Annealing at 55°C, Extension at 72°C.<img width="568px;" height="421px;" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAx0AAAJPCAYAAAAZqLnbAAAQAElEQVR4AeydBaAnR5H/P90z87Pn+9Y1LiTEDbcDjoND7uBwd3c9NFiCBw8JBEkgQkIIEiyQQFyJbtw267vP3/vJ2P9b83tvswncIfe/O7idydS0VVdXVXdXtfzexufZVP5fgxnVLyHPSh2UOijHQDkGyjHw548B8z2T8h/j2yDNJnODXGEBqXDS6TyPpdftIVE6UX6quulYnieiY+kiX2VzuHNpC1PlG2xvq1PVK2gYnRLyUhd5qYNyHpRj4M8ZA7Kdieyz2VYDs62FDZZd/o/2FcLxoBd7/ppwro7VL6HUQKmBv14DZc1SAzuaBuQ/

BiologyClass 12CBSE

Explain pBR322 plasmid vector

pBR322 is a cloning vector with ori, ampicillin resistance, tetracycline resistance, and several restriction sites.The diagram shows the pBR322 plasmid, a circular DNA cloning vector used in genetic engineering.pBR322 – plasmid vector of 4361 base pairsori – origin of replication; helps plasmid copy itself</l

BiologyClass 12CBSE

Explain recombinant DNA formation and bacterial transformation

Foreign DNA is cut and joined into a plasmid vector, then inserted into E. coli by transformation.The diagram shows how foreign DNA is inserted into vector DNA/plasmid and then transferred into E. coli cells.Foreign DNA – DNA fragment to be insertedVector DNA / plasmid – circular DNA used to carry the foreign gene<li dat

BiologyClass 12CBSE

Explain EcoRI restriction enzyme and recombinant DNA formation

EcoRI cuts DNA at GAATTC, producing sticky ends that join to form recombinant DNA.The diagram shows how the restriction enzyme EcoRI cuts vector DNA and foreign DNA at the sequence GAATTC, forming sticky ends that join to make recombinant DNA.Vector DNA – DNA used to carry foreign DNAForeign DNA – DNA segment to be inserted</

BiologyClass 12CBSE

Explain T5 exonuclease activity in simple short points

T5 exonuclease is an enzyme that digests DNA from its ends and produces dNMPs and short oligonucleotides.The diagram shows T5 exonuclease breaking DNA from the ends and producing dNMPs and short oligos.T5 Exonuclease Activity:Starting material – different DNA end structures used as substratesDNA – doub

BiologyClass 12CBSE

Explain palindromic sequence in DNA

A palindromic sequence is a DNA sequence that reads the same in the 5′ to 3′ direction on both complementary strands.Palindromic Sequence:5′ to 3′ strand – top DNA strand direction3′ to 5′ strand – bottom DNA strand directionGAATTC</strong

BiologyClass 12CBSE

Explain the stages of menstrual cycle

The menstrual cycle has menses, proliferative phase, ovulation, and secretory phase, controlled mainly by FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone.Various Stages of Menstrual CycleFollicular phase – first half of the cycle; follicle developsLuteal phase – second half of the cycle; corpus luteum forms<li data-

BiologyClass 12CBSE

Explain a mature Graafian follicle in simple short points

A mature Graafian follicle contains an oocyte, zona pellucida, antrum, granulosa cells, theca interna, theca externa, and basal lamina.A Mature Graafian Follicle:Basal lamina – thin supporting layer around granulosa cellsTheca externa – outer protective/supportive layer<li data-list-item-id="e109b79255cf

BiologyClass 12CBSE

Explain corpus luteum formation and function in simple short points

The corpus luteum forms after ovulation from the ruptured Graafian follicle and secretes progesterone.Corpus LuteumOvary – female organ where ova and follicles developPrimordial follicle – earliest stage of folliclePrimary follicle</strong

BiologyClass 12CBSE

Explain the histologic architecture of Graafian follicle in simple short points.

The diagram shows the structure of a mature Graafian follicle inside the ovary, including the ovum, follicular fluid, granulosa cells, and theca layers.Membrana granulosa cells: Cell layer lining the follicleTheca interna: Inner theca layer that helps produce hormones<st

BiologyClass 12CBSE

Explain the diagrammatic section view of ovary in simple short points

The ovary contains developing follicles, Graafian follicle, ovum, blood vessels, and corpus luteum.Blood vessels – supply blood to the ovaryPrimary follicle – early developing follicleTertiary follicle showing antrum – mature developing follicle with fluid-filled space<li data-list-item-id="edada13c

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