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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science are essential for students preparing for board exams, competitive exams, and overall concept clarity. The Class 10 Science syllabus is divided into Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, covering fundamental topics crucial for higher studies and competitive exams like NEET, JEE, and NTSE.
Why Use NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science?
- Accurate and Step-wise Solutions – NCERT solutions provide detailed explanations to all textbook exercises, ensuring a strong conceptual foundation.
- Board Exam Relevance – CBSE follows NCERT textbooks, making these solutions highly important for scoring high marks in exams.
- Chapter-wise PDFs – Students can access free, chapter-wise NCERT solutions for effective revision and practice.
- Boosts Problem-Solving Skills – With solved examples, derivations, and numericals, these solutions enhance problem-solving abilities.
- Helpful for Competitive Exams – Topics like Electricity, Chemical Reactions, Genetics, and Evolution are fundamental for higher-level exams like JEE and NEET.
Topics Covered in NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science
- Physics – Light, Electricity, Magnetic Effects, Sources of Energy
- Chemistry – Chemical Reactions, Acids-Bases, Metals & Non-Metals, Carbon Compounds
- Biology – Life Processes, Control & Coordination, Heredity, Environment
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science – Chapter-wise List
| Chapter No. | Chapter Name |
|---|---|
| Chapter 1 | Chemical Reactions and Equations |
| Chapter 2 | Acids, Bases and Salts |
| Chapter 3 | Metals and Non-Metals |
| Chapter 4 | Carbon and Its Compounds |
| Chapter 5 | Life Processes |
| Chapter 6 | Control and Coordination |
| Chapter 7 | How Do Organisms Reproduce? |
| Chapter 8 | Heredity |
| Chapter 9 | Light – Reflection and Refraction |
| Chapter 10 | The Human Eye and the Colourful World |
| Chapter 11 | Electricity |
| Chapter 12 | Magnetic Effects of Electric Current |
| Chapter 13 | Our Environment |
About NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science
CBSE NCERT Class 10 Science is divided across three core domains — Physics, Chemistry, and Biology — integrating concepts from the natural world with real-life applications. Science remains one of the highest-scoring yet most challenging subjects at the secondary level.
This page consolidates every chapter's solutions, important formulas, key definitions, and topic-weight data in one place. Whether you are revising a single chapter or building a full exam strategy, use the tables below as your go-to reference.
Chapter-wise Overview — All 16 Chapters
| Ch. | Chapter Name | Subject | Core Concept | Board Weightage |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chemical Reactions and Equations | Chemistry | Types of chemical reactions; balancing equations | ~8 Marks |
| 2 | Acids, Bases and Salts | Chemistry | pH scale, neutralization, salts formation | ~9 Marks |
| 3 | Metals and Non-metals | Chemistry | Reactivity series, ionic bonding, corrosion | ~8 Marks |
| 4 | Carbon and its Compounds | Chemistry | Covalent bonding, homologous series, organic reactions | ~7 Marks |
| 5 | Life Processes | Biology | Nutrition, respiration, transportation, excretion | ~10 Marks |
| 6 | Control and Coordination | Biology | Nervous system, hormones, reflex action | ~8 Marks |
| 7 | How do Organisms Reproduce? | Biology | Asexual & sexual reproduction, DNA copying | ~8 Marks |
| 8 | Heredity | Biology | Mendel's laws, variation, sex determination | ~7 Marks |
| 9 | Light — Reflection and Refraction | Physics | Mirror/lens formulae, refractive index, ray diagrams | ~10 Marks |
| 10 | The Human Eye and the Colourful World | Physics | Accommodation, defects of vision, atmospheric refraction | ~5 Marks |
| 11 | Electricity | Physics | Ohm's law, resistance, series & parallel circuits | ~9 Marks |
| 12 | Magnetic Effects of Electric Current | Physics | Electromagnet, Fleming's rules, AC vs DC | ~7 Marks |
| 13 | Our Environment | Biology | Ecosystem, food chains, ozone depletion, waste management | ~5 Marks |
| 14 | Chemical Reactions (Practical) | Chemistry | Lab-based observation questions | ~3 Marks |
| 15 | Periodic Classification of Elements | Chemistry | Döbereiner, Newlands, Mendeleev, Modern periodic table | ~4 Marks |
| 16 | Sources of Energy | Physics | Conventional vs renewable energy, nuclear energy basics | ~5 Marks |
Master Formula Table — Physics, Chemistry & Biology
Every board-relevant formula with its variables clearly explained. Learn these cold before the exam.
Physics Formulas
| Formula | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 1/f = 1/v + 1/u | Mirror formula; f=focal length, v=image dist., u=object dist. |
| m = -v/u = h₂/h₁ | Magnification for mirrors |
| n = c/v | Refractive index; c=speed of light in vacuum |
| n = sin i / sin r | Snell's law of refraction |
| 1/f = 1/v - 1/u | Lens formula (sign convention) |
| P = 1/f (in m) | Power of lens in Dioptres (D) |
| V = IR | Ohm's Law; V=voltage, I=current, R=resistance |
| R = ρL/A | Resistance; ρ=resistivity, L=length, A=area |
| P = VI = I²R = V²/R | Electric Power (in Watts) |
| H = I²Rt | Joule's heating effect |
| R_s = R₁+R₂+R₃ | Resistors in series |
| 1/Rₚ = 1/R₁+1/R₂+1/R₃ | Resistors in parallel |
Chemistry Reactions & Rules
| Reaction / Rule | Example / Explanation |
|---|---|
| A + B → AB | Combination reaction (e.g., CaO + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂) |
| AB → A + B | Decomposition reaction |
| A + BC → AC + B | Single displacement (more reactive displaces less) |
| AB + CD → AD + CB | Double displacement / precipitation |
| pH < 7 | Acidic solution; pH = 7 neutral; pH > 7 basic |
| Acid + Base → Salt + H₂O | Neutralization reaction |
| CₙH₂ₙ₊₂ | General formula — Alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons) |
| CₙH₂ₙ | General formula — Alkenes |
| CₙH₂ₙ₋₂ | General formula — Alkynes |
| Valency of metals ↑ | Reactivity increases down Group 1 & 2 |
Biology — Processes, Equations & Ratios
| Process / Formula | What it represents | Chapter |
|---|---|---|
| 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ | Photosynthesis — light energy converts CO₂ and water into glucose | Life Processes |
| C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP | Aerobic respiration — glucose breakdown releases energy | Life Processes |
| C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂ | Anaerobic fermentation (yeast) — no oxygen needed | Life Processes |
| Tall (TT or Tt) : Short (tt) → 3:1 | Mendel's F₂ phenotypic ratio in monohybrid cross | Heredity |
| Genotypic ratio = 1TT : 2Tt : 1tt | F₂ genotypic ratio in monohybrid cross | Heredity |
| Dihybrid F₂ = 9:3:3:1 | Phenotypic ratio for two independently assorting traits | Heredity |
| Trophic efficiency ≈ 10% | Only ~10% energy passes from one trophic level to next (10% law) | Our Environment |
Chapter-wise Key Points Students Must Know
High-frequency board exam concepts distilled per chapter — ideal for last-minute revision.
Light — Reflection & Refraction (Ch. 9)
- Concave mirror converges light; convex mirror diverges
- Real and virtual images differ by position of object
- New Cartesian Sign Convention: distances from pole
- Convex lens — converging; Concave lens — diverging
- Power of combination = P₁ + P₂ + ...
- Optically denser medium → light bends toward normal
Electricity (Ch. 11)
- Electric current = charge / time (I = Q/t)
- Potential difference drives current through circuit
- Series: same current, voltages add up
- Parallel: same voltage, currents add up
- Household circuits use parallel connections
- 1 kWh = 3,600,000 J (commercial unit of energy)
Magnetic Effects (Ch. 12)
- Fleming's Left-Hand Rule → motor effect
- Fleming's Right-Hand Rule → generator effect
- AC reverses direction; DC flows one way
- Frequency of AC in India = 50 Hz
- Earth's magnetic field — geographic vs magnetic poles differ
Chemical Reactions (Ch. 1)
- Balanced equation follows law of conservation of mass
- Oxidation = loss of electrons / gain of oxygen
- Reduction = gain of electrons / loss of oxygen
- Redox reactions occur simultaneously
- Exothermic: releases heat | Endothermic: absorbs heat
- Rancidity — fat oxidation; prevented by antioxidants/N₂
Acids, Bases & Salts (Ch. 2)
- Acids donate H⁺; bases accept H⁺ (Brønsted concept)
- All acids and bases conduct electricity (electrolytes)
- Na₂CO₃ — washing soda; NaHCO₃ — baking soda
- pH paper vs universal indicator for identification
- Buffer solutions resist pH change
Carbon & Compounds (Ch. 4)
- Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds (tetravalent)
- Catenation = carbon chains itself uniquely
- Functional groups determine chemical properties
- Saponification: oil + NaOH → soap + glycerol
- Micelles — soap cleaning action mechanism
Life Processes (Ch. 5)
- Autotrophs make their own food; heterotrophs depend on others
- Stomata regulate gas exchange in leaves
- Human heart — 4 chambers; double circulation
- Nephron is the structural and functional unit of kidney
- Osmoregulation — kidneys regulate water balance
Control & Coordination (Ch. 6)
- Neuron — basic unit of nervous system
- Reflex arc bypasses the brain for quick responses
- Hormones — chemical messengers; produced by endocrine glands
- Insulin lowers blood sugar; Glucagon raises it
- Thyroxin controls metabolic rate; requires iodine
- Adrenaline — emergency hormone ("fight or flight")
Heredity (Ch. 8)
- Gregor Mendel — Father of Genetics
- Dominant allele masks recessive in heterozygous condition
- XX = female; XY = male (sex chromosomes in humans)
- Variation arises from sexual reproduction and mutation
- Evolution — gradual change in heritable characteristics over generations
Unit-wise Marks Distribution
Knowing where the marks come from is half the strategy. Allocate study time accordingly.
| Unit No. | Unit Name | Chapters Covered | Subject Area | Marks (Theory) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | Chemical Substances — Nature & Behaviour | Ch. 1, 2, 3, 4, 15 | Chemistry | 25 |
| II | World of Living | Ch. 5, 6, 7, 8 | Biology | 25 |
| III | Natural Phenomena | Ch. 9, 10 | Physics | 12 |
| IV | Effects of Current & Sources of Energy | Ch. 11, 12, 16 | Physics | 13 |
| V | Natural Resources | Ch. 13 | Biology | 5 |
| Total Theory Marks → | 80 | |||
| Internal Assessment (Practicals) → | 20 | |||
| Grand Total → | 100 | |||
| Question Type | No. of Questions | Marks Each | Total Marks | Strategy |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multiple Choice (MCQ) | 20 | 1 | 20 | Concept clarity + elimination |
| Very Short Answer (VSA) | 6 | 2 | 12 | Precise 1–2 line answers |
| Short Answer (SA) | 7 | 3 | 21 | Diagrams score extra marks |
| Long Answer (LA) | 3 | 5 | 15 | Structure: intro + body + conclusion |
| Case-based Questions | 3 | 4 | 12 | Read passage carefully before answering |
| Total | 80 | Time: 3 hours | ||
Important Definitions Table — Board Exam Ready
One-line definitions students most frequently need in their answers.
| Term | Definition | Chapter | Subject |
|---|---|---|---|
| Corrosion | Gradual eating away of a metal due to reaction with moisture, oxygen or chemicals in environment | Ch. 3 | Chemistry |
| Catenation | Unique property of carbon to form long chains by bonding with itself | Ch. 4 | Chemistry |
| Isomers | Compounds having same molecular formula but different structural arrangements | Ch. 4 | Chemistry |
| Refraction | Bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to change in speed | Ch. 9 | Physics |
| Power of Accommodation | Ability of the eye lens to change its focal length for near and far vision | Ch. 10 | Physics |
| Resistivity | Intrinsic property of material determining its electrical resistance per unit dimension | Ch. 11 | Physics |
| Electromagnet | Temporary magnet formed when current flows through a coil wound around a soft iron core | Ch. 12 | Physics |
| Osmosis | Movement of water molecules from a region of lower solute concentration to higher through a semi-permeable membrane | Ch. 5 | Biology |
| Synapse | Tiny gap between two nerve cells across which nerve impulse is transmitted via neurotransmitters | Ch. 6 | Biology |
| Pollination | Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of a flower, enabling fertilisation | Ch. 7 | Biology |
| Allele | Alternative forms of a gene that code for different versions of the same trait | Ch. 8 | Biology |
| Biodegradable | Substances that can be broken down by biological processes (bacteria, fungi) into simpler compounds | Ch. 13 | Biology |
| Döbereiner's Triads | Groups of 3 elements with similar properties where middle element's atomic mass ≈ average of other two | Ch. 15 | Chemistry |
| Biomass | Organic material derived from plants and animals used as a renewable energy source | Ch. 16 | Physics |
Smart Exam Strategy for Class 10 Science
Evidence-based tips from CBSE topper analysis — what actually moves your score.
Top Strategies That Work
1. Draw neat, labelled diagrams for all biology and optics questions — examiners award separate marks for diagrams
2. State the law/rule first, then derive or apply — never jump straight to the formula
3. Chemistry reaction equations must be balanced — unbalanced equations lose marks even if the reaction type is correct
4. For numericals in Physics, write given data, formula, substitution, and unit separately — each step has marks
5. In case-based questions, always refer back to the passage — the answer is usually paraphrased from the text
6. Dedicate the last 15 minutes of the exam exclusively to revision — most marks are lost to avoidable errors
Content based on NCERT Class 10 Science textbook aligned with the latest CBSE curriculum. Always cross-check with the official NCERT textbook for in-text exercises and examples. This page is intended as a student study aid and revision reference.