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BiologyClass 10CBSE

What is aerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration breaks down glucose in the presence of oxygen to release energy.Overall equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy (36–38 ATP)Three stages:Glycolysis — cytoplasm; glucose → pyruvateKrebs Cycle — mitochondrial matrix; pyruvate fully oxidized<li dat

BiologyClass 10CBSE

What is a vaccine?

A vaccine is a biological preparation that trains the immune system to recognise and fight a specific pathogen without causing actual disease.Introduces a harmless antigen → immune system creates antibodies + memory cells.If real pathogen invades later → rapid, powerful immune response.Examples: Polio vaccine, M

BiologyClass 10CBSE

What is a pathogen?

A pathogen is any microorganism or agent that causes disease in a host.TypeExamplesBacteriaTB, cholera, typhoidVirusesInfluenza, HIV, COVID-19FungiRingworm, athlete's footProtozoaMalaria, amoebic dysenteryHelminthsTapeworm, roundwormPathogens cause dam

BiologyClass 10CBSE

What is a communicable disease?

A communicable disease (infectious/contagious) can be transmitted from one person to another.Methods of transmission:Direct contact touching, kissing (e.g., cold sores)Droplets coughing, sneezing (influenza, TB, COVID-19)Contaminated food/water cholera, typhoid<li d

BiologyClass 10CBSE

What is an antigen?

An antigen is any substance usually a protein on a pathogen or foreign particle that triggers an immune response.Causes the body to produce antibodies shaped to bind to and neutralise it."Antigen" = "antibody generator"Lock and key analogy: each antigen has a

BiologyClass 10CBSE

What are endocrine glands?

Endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.GlandHormoneFunctionPituitaryGrowth hormone, TSHControls other glands, growthThyroidThyroxineRegulates metabolismAdrenalAdrenalineFight-or-flight responsePancreas (islets)Insulin, Glucagon</td

BiologyClass 10CBSE

What is transpiration? List two functions.

Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from plants through stomata (and cuticle/lenticels).Two key functions:Creates transpiration pull: Water evaporates from leaves → pulls water upward from roots through xylem — the main mechanism driving water/mineral transport in tall trees.Cooling effect: Ev

BiologyClass 10CBSE

What is bone marrow and what does it do?

Bone marrow is the soft, spongy tissue inside large bones (femur, sternum, hip bones).Two types:Red bone marrow: Produces all blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets) process called haematopoiesis.Yellow bone marrow: Mostly fat; energy reserve; can convert to red ma

BiologyClass 10CBSE

What is a chromosome?

A chromosome is a thread-like structure of tightly coiled DNA and proteins (histones) inside cell nuclei, carrying genetic information as genes.Humans: 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs.22 pairs = autosomes; 1 pair = sex chromosomes (XX female, XY male).Each chromosome contains hundreds to thousa

BiologyClass 10CBSE

What is the full form of DNA?

DNA = Deoxyribonucleic AcidDeoxy = deoxyribose sugar (one oxygen fewer than ribose)Ribo = ribose sugar backboneNucleic = found in the cell nucleusAcid<

BiologyClass 10CBSE

What is a genome?

A genome is the complete set of genetic information (all DNA) in an organism all genes and non-coding sequences.Human genome: ~3 billion base pairs and ~20,000–25,000 genes.Every cell (except red blood cells) contains the complete genome.Human Genome Project (completed 2003) sequenced the entir

BiologyClass 10CBSE

What is an allele?

An allele is one of two or more versions of the same gene at the same locus on homologous chromosomes.Every person inherits two alleles per gene one from each parent.Dominant: Expressed even when one copy present (e.g., brown eyes B)Recessive: Express

BiologyClass 10CBSE

What is a nucleotide?

A nucleotide is the basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of three components:Nucleotide = Phosphate Group + Sugar + Nitrogenous Base Sugar: Deoxyribose in DNA; ribose in RNANitrogenous bases in DNA: A, T, G, C (in RNA, Thymine → Uracil)<li d

BiologyClass 10CBSE

What is sexual reproduction?

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two specialized sex cells (gametes) one from each parent to form a new individual via fertilization.Male gamete: sperm (animals), pollen (plants)Female gamete: egg/ovum (animals), ovule (plants)Result: zygote → develops into new organism<li data-l

BiologyClass 10CBSE

What is double fertilization?

Double fertilization is unique to flowering plants (angiosperms) two male nuclei from the same pollen grain fertilize different cells simultaneously.Male nucleus 1 + Egg cell → Zygote (2n) → Embryo Male nucleus 2 + 2 Polar nuclei → Endosperm (3n) → Food reserve Discovered by Nawaschin (1898).Ensures

BiologyClass 10CBSE

What happens when Planaria is cut into pieces?

When Planaria (a flatworm) is cut into pieces, each piece regenerates into a complete new organism. This is called regeneration.Planaria has totipotent stem cells called neoblasts that can differentiate into any cell type.Even 1/300th of the body can regenerate a whole worm.Also used

BiologyClass 10CBSE

What is a hymen?

The hymen is a thin membrane of tissue that partially covers the vaginal opening in females. It is present from birth and is part of the external genitalia.Important facts:Varies greatly in shape, size, and thickness no single "normal" appearance.Has no known biological function.<li data-list-item-id="e0495b26070f776fcc89749382b0d56

BiologyClass 10CBSE

What is photosynthesis, and how does it work?

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose (food) and release oxygen as a byproduct. It is the foundation of almost all food chains on Earth.The overall equation:6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ Carbon dioxide + Water + Sunlight → Glucose + Oxygen Where it happens: In the chloroplas

BiologyClass 10CBSE

What are cells? What is their structure? What are different types of cells and organelles?

A cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 using cork under a microscope.Two fundamental cell types:FeatureProkaryoticEukaryoticNucleusNo membrane-bound nucleusHas a true nucleusSize1–10 micrometers10–100 micrometersOrganism

BiologyClass 10CBSE

What is semen?

Semen is the biological fluid produced by the male reproductive system, released during ejaculation. It serves as the transport medium for sperm cells.Composition:ComponentSourceProportionFunctionSperm cellsTestes2–5%Carry genetic material to fertilize an eggSeminal fluidSeminal vesicles~60–65%<t

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