Write three characteristics of division Thallophyta.

Three key characteristics of Division Thallophyta:

1. Simple, undifferentiated body structure: The plant body is a thallus without differentiation into true roots, stems, or leaves. This simple organization ranges from unicellular to multicellular forms but lacks specialized tissue systems found in higher plants.
2. Absence of vascular tissue: Thallophytes lack xylem and phloem, the conducting tissues for water and nutrient transport. Absorption occurs directly through the cell surface, limiting size and requiring moist environments.
3. Diverse modes of reproduction: Reproduction occurs through vegetative, asexual (spores), and sexual methods. Reproductive structures are simple, without protective coverings. Thallophytes include both autotrophic organisms (algae with chlorophyll) and heterotrophic organisms (fungi).

Examples: Green algae (Spirogyra, Ulothrix), brown algae (Laminaria), red algae, fungi (Mucor, Rhizopus), and lichens (symbiotic associations).