What are the effects of increased activity of sweat and sebaceous glands?

During adolescence, increased activity of sweat and sebaceous glands is triggered by rising hormone levels, particularly androgens. The most noticeable effect of increased sweat gland activity is greater perspiration, especially in the underarm, groin, hands, and feet areas. This can lead to stronger body odor because sweat interacts with bacteria on the skin, producing characteristic smells. Adolescents often become more conscious of hygiene during this period and may need to bathe more frequently and use deodorants or antiperspirants.

Increased sebaceous gland activity leads to greater production of sebum, an oily substance that lubricates skin and hair. While sebum is protective in normal amounts, excessive production can cause several issues. The most common is acne (pimples), which occurs when sebum blocks hair follicles and pores, creating an environment where bacteria multiply, leading to inflammation, blackheads, whiteheads, and sometimes painful cysts. Oily skin and greasy hair are also common, requiring more frequent washing. Some adolescents may also notice increased oiliness on the face, especially the forehead, nose, and chin (T-zone). While these changes are normal parts of puberty and usually temporary, they can affect self-esteem. Good hygiene practices—regular bathing, face washing, clean clothes, and appropriate skin care—can minimize these effects. In severe cases of acne, medical treatment may be necessary to prevent scarring and boost confidence during this sensitive developmental period.