Write some preventive measures to control diseases of poultry.

Preventive disease control in poultry begins with comprehensive vaccination programs covering Ranikhet disease (Newcastle disease), Marek's disease, infectious bursal disease (Gumboro), and fowl pox according to scheduled timelines from day-old chicks through production phases. Strict biosecurity protocols include disinfecting footbaths at entry points, restricting visitor access, maintaining separate equipment for different age groups, and implementing all-in-all-out production systems where entire flocks are raised and removed together to break disease cycles. Poultry houses require regular fumigation with formaldehyde or other approved disinfectants, while feeders and waterers need daily cleaning to prevent bacterial contamination.

Environmental management plays an equally critical role—maintaining proper ventilation reduces respiratory disease incidence, while controlling humidity (50-70%) prevents fungal infections and ammonia buildup from droppings. Providing adequate floor space (0.25-0.5 square meters per bird depending on type and age) reduces stress and cannibalism that weaken immunity. Nutritionally balanced feed with appropriate protein, vitamins, and minerals strengthens disease resistance, while regular addition of probiotics and herbal immunomodulators supports gut health. Weekly health monitoring identifying symptoms like reduced feed intake, abnormal droppings, respiratory distress, or lethargy enables early intervention. Maintaining detailed records of vaccinations, medication, and disease outbreaks helps identify patterns and adjust management practices, ultimately reducing mortality rates from the typical 10-15% in poorly managed farms to below 5% in well-maintained operations.