What is personality?

Personality is the unique combination of stable patterns of thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and emotional responses that characterize an individual. It is consistent across situations and time.

Major theories:

1. Trait theory: Big Five (OCEAN model) (most widely accepted in modern psychology):
   • Openness: Curiosity, creativity, new experiences
   • Conscientiousness: Organization, dependability, self-discipline
   • Extraversion: Sociability, assertiveness, positive emotion
   • Agreeableness: Compassion, cooperativeness, trust
   • Neuroticism: Emotional instability, anxiety, moodiness
2. Psychoanalytic theory (Freud): Shaped by unconscious conflicts between the id (primal drives), ego (rational self), and superego (moral conscience)
3. Humanistic theory (Maslow, Rogers): Shaped by the drive toward self-actualization
4. Social-cognitive theory (Bandura): Shaped by the interaction of behavior, environment, and cognitive processes

Nature vs. nurture: Personality is approximately 40–60% heritable the rest is shaped by environment, culture, and experience

Personality vs. character: Personality = innate tendencies and emotional style; Character = moral qualities developed through deliberate choice