What are the functions of phloem tissue?

Phloem performs the critical function of transporting organic nutrients, particularly sugars produced during photosynthesis, from leaves to all other parts of the plant. This process, called translocation, moves food bidirectionally—both upward and downward—depending on where nutrients are needed for growth, storage, or metabolic activities. Phloem also transports amino acids, hormones, and other organic compounds. Unlike xylem's one-way water transport, phloem's flexible distribution system ensures that energy-rich compounds reach roots, developing fruits, growing shoots, and storage organs.