The species P and Q of wild animals are found exclusively in a 'particular area'. The species R of wild animals is listed in Red Data Book of India whereas species S of wild animals no longer exists anywhere on the earth. (a) What name is given to species like P and Q? (b) What are the species like R known as? (c) Name one species like R. (d) What is the special name of species like S? (e) Name one species like S.

(a) Species like P and Q that are found exclusively in a particular area are called endemic species. These organisms have restricted geographical distributions and have evolved in isolation to adapt to specific local environmental conditions. Their limited range makes them particularly vulnerable to habitat loss, climate change, or human activities, requiring focused conservation efforts within their native regions.

(b) Species like R listed in the Red Data Book are known as endangered species or threatened species, depending on their specific risk category. The Red Data Book (now Red List) maintained by IUCN categorizes species based on extinction risk. (c) One example of an endangered species is the Bengal tiger, Great Indian bustard, or Kashmir stag (Hangul). (d) The special name for species like S that no longer exist anywhere on Earth is extinct species. Extinction represents the complete disappearance of a species, an irreversible loss of biodiversity. (e) One example of an extinct species is the dodo bird, which disappeared from Mauritius in the late 1600s, or the passenger pigeon, once numbering in billions but extinct since 1914. These extinctions often resulted from overhunting, habitat destruction, and introduction of invasive species, serving as cautionary examples of how human activities can permanently eliminate species.