Name the implements which are used for the following agricultural practices.

(a) Tilling of the soil: Traditional ploughs (wooden or iron), cultivators, and harrows are the primary implements for tilling. In modern mechanized farming, tractors with mounted disc ploughs or rotavators break up and turn the soil efficiently, while bullock-drawn indigenous ploughs remain common in small-scale operations across India.

(b) Sowing of the seeds: Seed drills and seed-cum-fertilizer drills enable precise placement and spacing of seeds at uniform depths, ensuring optimal germination. Traditional methods use simple funnel-shaped implements or even manual broadcasting, though modern planters and pneumatic seeders have improved accuracy and reduced seed waste in commercial agriculture.

(c) Irrigation of fields: Irrigation implements include moat (pulley system), chain pump, dhekli (lever mechanism), and rahat (gear-driven water lifter) for traditional water lifting. Modern systems employ centrifugal pumps, drip irrigation equipment, sprinkler systems, and canal gate structures that distribute water more efficiently while conserving resources.

(d) Weeding: Khurpi (hand hoe) and harrow remain the most common manual weeding tools in India, allowing farmers to remove weeds from between crop rows. Mechanical weeders, both hand-operated and tractor-mounted, have become popular for reducing labor requirements, while wheel hoes enable inter-row cultivation in properly spaced crops.

(e) Harvesting: Sickle (hasiya) is the traditional hand tool for cutting cereal crops at ground level, used for centuries across India. Larger operations employ mechanical reapers, combine harvesters (which cut, thresh, and clean in one operation), or harvester-binders that cut and bundle crops for subsequent threshing.

(f) Threshing: Traditional threshing implements include the threshing stick (used for beating), bullocks treading on harvested crops spread on threshing floors, and simple pedal-operated threshers. Mechanical threshers—ranging from small power threshers to large combine harvesters that integrate harvesting and threshing—have dramatically reduced labor requirements and grain damage compared to traditional methods.