List the processes which occur during the photochemical phase of photosynthesis.

The Light Reaction (Photochemical Phase) includes:

1. Light absorption:

• Pigments in LHC capture photons
• Energy transferred to reaction centers (P680, P700)

1. Water splitting (photolysis):

• 2H₂O → 4H⁺ + O₂ + 4e⁻
• Occurs at oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) in PS II
• Requires manganese cluster (Mn₄CaO₅)

1. Oxygen release:

• O₂ evolved as by-product
• Source of atmospheric oxygen

1. Electron transport:

• Electrons flow through PS II → Cytochrome b₆f → PS I
• Creates proton gradient across thylakoid membrane

1. ATP synthesis (photophosphorylation):

• Chemiosmosis via ATP synthase
• Proton gradient drives phosphorylation

1. NADPH formation:

• NADP⁺ + 2e⁻ + H⁺ → NADPH
• Catalyzed by ferredoxin-NADP⁺ reductase (FNR)

Net products: ATP, NADPH, O₂