Describe briefly how soil is prepared for sowing the seeds.

Soil preparation for sowing seeds involves a systematic process that begins with ploughing the field to break up compacted soil, turn over the topsoil layer, and bury crop residues and weeds. Ploughing is typically done using implements like a plough (pulled by tractors or bullocks) that cuts, lifts, and inverts soil furrows, improving soil aeration, facilitating root penetration, and bringing nutrients from deeper layers to the surface. This initial tillage operation loosens the soil structure, exposes pests and weed seeds to natural predators and desiccation, and helps in mixing organic matter into the soil profile.

Following ploughing, the soil is leveled using a leveler or plank to break large clods into smaller aggregates and create a uniform field surface that prevents water stagnation in low spots and ensures even seed placement depth. Harrowing or raking may be performed to further pulverize soil clumps and create a fine tilth—a crumbly soil texture ideal for seed-soil contact and germination. During this preparation phase, organic manure or compost is often incorporated into the soil to enhance fertility and structure, and in some cases, irrigation is applied before final land preparation to achieve optimal soil moisture for sowing. The entire process aims to create favorable physical conditions for seed germination by ensuring good seed-to-soil contact, adequate moisture retention, proper aeration, and a loose structure that allows easy root penetration and seedling emergence. The specific intensity and sequence of tillage operations vary depending on soil type, previous crop, moisture status, and the requirements of the crop to be sown.