Human Health and Disease

Which of the following statements regarding cancer is correct?

1. Cancer cells always remain localized and never spread.
2. Benign tumors invade surrounding tissues and metastasize rapidly.
3. Malignant tumors can invade nearby tissues and spread to distant organs through metastasis.
4. Cancer is caused only by bacterial infection.

Drug addiction is primarily characterized by:

1. Increased resistance to all infectious diseases
2. Compulsive dependence on a drug despite harmful consequences
3. Complete immunity against withdrawal symptoms
4. Improved functioning of the nervous system

Which type of immunity develops after a person recovers naturally from an infectious disease such as chickenpox?

1. Passive natural immunity
2. Passive artificial immunity
3. Active natural immunity
4. Active artificial immunity

Which one of the following is NOT a mode of transmission of HIV?

1. Transfusion of infected blood
2. Sharing contaminated needles and syringes
3. Handshakes and sharing utensils
4. Unprotected sexual contact with an infected person

Which of the following substances is primarily responsible for allergic reactions such as sneezing, itching, and watery eyes?

1. Insulin
2. Histamine
3. Thyroxine
4. Hemoglobin

Vaccination provides protection mainly by:

1. Destroying all microorganisms immediately
2. Stimulating the formation of memory B and T lymphocytes
3. Preventing the production of antibodies
4. Killing infected body cells directly

Which of the following is the vector responsible for transmitting filariasis?

1. Female Anopheles mosquito
2. Female Aedes mosquito
3. Female Culex mosquito
4. Tsetse fly

Which of the following diseases is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi?

1. Cholera
2. Typhoid
3. Tuberculosis
4. Pneumonia

Which immunoglobulin is transferred from the mother to the fetus through the placenta, providing passive immunity?

1. IgA
2. IgE
3. IgG
4. IgM

Which of the following is an autoimmune disease?

1. Malaria
2. Tuberculosis
3. Rheumatoid arthritis
4. Typhoid

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) primarily attacks which type of immune cells?

1. Neutrophils
2. B-lymphocytes
3. Helper T-lymphocytes (CD4+ cells)
4. Natural killer cells

Which of the following diseases is caused by a protozoan parasite?

1. Tuberculosis
2. Malaria
3. Typhoid
4. Pneumonia

Which type of immunity is acquired when antibodies produced in another individual are introduced into the body?

1. Active natural immunity
2. Active artificial immunity
3. Passive artificial immunity
4. Passive natural immunity

Which of the following cells acts as the first line of cellular defense by engulfing pathogens through phagocytosis?

1. B-lymphocytes
2. T-lymphocytes
3. Neutrophils
4. Plasma cells

Drug called Heroin is synthesised by

1. Methylation of morphine
2. Acetylation of morphine
3. Glycosylation of morphine
4. Nitration of morphine

Blood cancer is also known as

1. Leukopenia
2. Leucoderma
3. Leukocytosis
4. Leukemia

Consider statements about AIDS (I. no cure; II. fever, weight loss, diarrhea; III. AIDS is retrovirus with DNA)

1. I & II
2. I & III
3. II & III
4. None of the above

Modes of transmission of HIV occurs by

1. I & II only
2. I & II only (duplicate)
3. II, III, IV
4. I, II, III & IV

The primary lymphoid organs are

1. Spleen and thymus
2. Bone marrow and thymus
3. Bone marrow and lymph node
4. Thymus and MALT

Athlete's foot is caused by

1. Tinea pedis
2. Tinea capitis
3. Candida albicans
4. Rickettsia

Wuchereria bancrofti is the causative agent of

1. Malaria
2. Whooping cough
3. Filariasis
4. Dengue fever

Carriers of Entamoeba histolytica are

1. Mosquito of genus Anopheles
2. Cattle
3. Musca domestica (house fly)
4. Healthy human host

MMR vaccine stands for

1. Measles, Mumps, Rubella
2. Measles, Mumps, Ranikhet
3. Mumps, Measles, Rabies
4. Mumps, Malaria, Rabies

Which among the following is used as a biological agent to feed on mosquito larvae in ponds?

1. Algae
2. Gambusia
3. Silver fish
4. Palaemon

Which of the following sets of diseases is caused by bacteria?

1. Cholera and tetanus
2. Typhoid and smallpox
3. Tetanus and mumps
4. Herpes and influenza

______ is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being of a person

1. Disease
2. Health
3. Infection
4. Nutrition

Chronic use of alcohol can lead to

1. Hepatitis-B
2. Cirrhosis
3. Pneumonia
4. AIDS

Building up of ______ is observed as a result of smoking which reduces the ______ availability to the tissues

1. Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide
2. Carbon dioxide, oxygen
3. Carbon monoxide, oxygen
4. Oxygen, carbon monoxide

Which one of the following is the correct statement regarding the particular psychotropic drug specified?

1. Hashish causes after thought perceptions and hallucinations
2. Opium stimulates nervous system and causes hallucinations
3. Morphine leads to delusions and disturbed emotions
4. Barbiturates cause relaxation and temporary euphoria

Opium is obtained from

1. Oryza sativa
2. Coffea arabica
3. Thespesia populnea
4. Papaver somniferum

Which one of the following techniques is safest for the detection of cancers?

1. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
2. Radiography (X-ray)
3. Computed tomography (CT)
4. Histopathological studies

Which of the following is carcinogen?

1. Hydrogen sulphide
2. Asbestos
3. Lead
4. Suspended particles

The genes which on activation produce malignant neoplasm are

1. Pleiotropic genes
2. Multiple genes
3. Oncogenes
4. Neonatal genes

Which form of tumor remains confined to their original location and not spreading to other parts of the body?

1. Malignant tumor
2. Benign tumor
3. Both (1) & (2)
4. Leukemia

After entering T-cell, HIV first forms

1. mRNA
2. Single strand DNA
3. Double strand DNA
4. Double strand RNA

Consider statements about AIDS (I. easily infected; II. prone to infection; III. NACO educates people)

1. I & II
2. I & III
3. II & III
4. I, II & III

The confirmatory test used to diagnose AIDS is

1. ELISA
2. Western blot
3. ESR
4. PCR

AIDS is a type of ______

1. Autoimmune disorder
2. Age related disease
3. Infectious disease
4. Congenital disorder

Which among the following refers to transfer of ready-made immune products from an immune to non-immune individual?

1. Active
2. Passive
3. Cell-mediated
4. Humoral

Which of the following is not a cellular barrier of innate immunity?

1. PMNL-Neutrophils
2. Monocytes
3. Macrophages
4. Thrombocytes

Select the correct statements regarding the characteristics of acquired immunity

1. (i), (ii) & (iii)
2. (i), (iii) & (iv)
3. (i) & (iv)
4. (i) & (iii) only

BCG is a type of _________vaccine

1. Live attenuated
2. Recombinant antigen
3. Toxoid
4. Live vector

The symptoms of ascariasis include

1. Gastrointestinal discomfort, vomiting
2. Nervousness, convulsions
3. Diarrhea, colic pain
4. All of the above

The causative agent of amoebiasis is

1. Paramoecium
2. Diatoms
3. Euglena
4. Entamoeba histolytica

Sporozoites in mosquitoes are stored in

1. Intestine
2. Mouth
3. Salivary glands
4. Proboscis

A localised inflammatory response causing redness, swelling, pain and heat at site of infection is due to

1. Histamine and prostaglandins
2. Cerumen and mucus
3. Histamine and cerumen
4. Prostaglandins and cerumen

Rejection of transplants is brought about mainly by

1. Cytotoxic T-cells
2. Suppressor T-cells
3. B-cells
4. Macrophages

T-lymphocytes differentiate and mature in

1. Bone marrow
2. Kidneys
3. Thyroid
4. Thymus gland

Colostrum is essential to provide immunity to newborn infants because it contains

1. Natural killer cells
2. Monocytes
3. Macrophages
4. Immunoglobulin-A

MALT constitutes about ______ per cent of the lymphoid tissue in human body

1. 50
2. 20
3. 70
4. 10

Which of the following pathogen causes whooping cough?

1. Legionella species
2. Bordetella pertussis
3. Vibrio cholerae
4. Brucella melitensis

Which one of the following is not a bacterial disease?

1. Dysentery
2. Plague
3. Diphtheria
4. Ascariasis

Which of the following is a bacterial disease?

1. Measles
2. Small pox
3. Rabies
4. Tuberculosis

Deficiency disease is

1. Non-communicable
2. Communicable
3. Contagious
4. Infectious