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HistoryClass 11CBSE

How many slaves were imported from Africa when enslavement was banned in Brazil?

Over thirty six lakh slaves were imported from Africa.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

Name the two Spaniards who had established their empires in America.

Hernando Cortes Francisco Pizarro

HistoryClass 11CBSE

How was the Mexican city so splendid?

Mexican city was built on water by virtue of specific architecture. So it was splendid.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

Why is South America also called ‘Latin America’?

South America is also called Latin America because Spanish and Portuguese, two of the main languages of the continent are part of the Latin family of language.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

What were the main centres of Inca civilisation?

The main centre of Inca civilisation was Tintikaka lake. Some of its other centres were Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

What do you mean by Conquistadores?

Conquistadores means the Spanish conquerors and their soldiers, who established their empires in the New World.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

How did the discovery of South America lead to the development of European colonialism? HOTS

European countries were greedy for gold and silver. It was their expectation that a heavy quantity of gold was available in South America. So, they settled in different regions. International trade and industrialisation expanded in the region. They established their rule with the help of military strength. But local people resisted it. But the Spaniards suppressed their resistance. The merchants brought a variety of products to the Europeans such as tobacco, potatoes, sugarcane, cacao and rubber. Europe also became familiar with new crops from America, notably potatoes and chillies. The merchants formed joint stock companies and sent out trading expeditions. Profit was the main objective. The newly discovered land earned huge wealth. It also gave an impetus to the revolution. Thus it can be said that the discovery of South America led to the development to European colonialism.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

Write an account of the journey of an African boy of seventeen captured and taken to Brazil as a slave.

Do it yourself. Guidelines in brief are given for the help of the students. They can elaborate it with the help of their teachers. The journey of the African boy was very hard. He was made a slave and journey started from Congo. Their ship sailed in the Atlantic ocean and reached Brazil in South America via Angola.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

What new food items were transmitted from South America to the rest of the world?

The food items which wore transmitted from South America to the rest of the world were as follows: Cacao Potatoes Tobacco Cane sugar Chillies Rubber Sugar

HistoryClass 11CBSE

Give reasons for Spain and Portugal being the first in the 5th century to venture across the Atlantic.

Answer: The rulers of both Spain and Portugal had passion for acquiring wealth in the form of gold and treasure for glory and titles. They also wanted to establish colonies in the regions. The Christian Missionaries wanted to venture across the Atlantic. Many Christians wanted to bring people of other lands into the fold of Christianity.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

What were the new developments helping European navigation in the 15th century?

Answer: The invention of magnetic compass in 1380 CE helped in searching and identifying four cardinal directions. These directions were North, South, East and West. Manufacturing of sailing sea helped the sailors to sail much safer and comfortable. Larger ships were built which could carry a large quantity of cargo. The Travelogue of Marco Polo also helped a lot in European navigation and created wide interest among the people. Travel literature and books on geography were also available.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

Compare the civilization of the Aztecs with that of the Mesopotamians.

Answer: Aztecs Mesopotamia’s (i) Aztecs society was hierarchical. It included nobles, priests, warriors and traders. (i) Mesopotamian society was divided into three classes. It included higher, middle and lower classes. (ii) The people of Aztecs civilization worshiped the gods of war and sun. (ii) Mesopotamian people worshiped many gods and goddesses. (iii) Aztecs civilization flourished in Central America between 1200 to 1400 AD. (iii) Mesopotamian civilization flourished in Modern Iraq around 5000 BC. (iv) The Aztecs knew the art of metal smelting. Ornaments were made of gold. (iv) The Mesopotamia’s were the first to use potters wheel, glassware, etc.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

Write a description about the winds of change in Australia.

Several factors were responsible for the winds of change in Australia. An account of the factors responsible for winds of change are listed below: The Europeans were very hostile towards the natives of Australia. Since a long-time, they (Europeans) made no sincere efforts to improve their conditions. In their literature, the Europeans portrayed themselves superior as compared to the natives. In 1968, W.E.H. Stanner published a book entitled “The Great Australian Silence” that encouraged the Europeans to trace and understand the historical roots of the natives of Australia. Henry Reynolds in his book, “Why Weren’t We Told” criticised the tradition of writing of Australian history. According to the Europeans, the history of Australia began with its discovery by Captain Cook. He believed that the study of native culture and civilization must be encouraged. His ideas inspired the Europeans to know about historical antecedents of the natives. The Europeans established separate department in universities to study the culture of the natives. To understand the local culture they also established museums and galleries of native art. Undoubtedly, it was a commendable step. It encouraged the Australian government to adopt the policy of multiculturalism. It aimed at providing equal respect for the culture of natives. A great Australian writer, Judith Wright spearheaded a powerful movement for the rights of the natives. She was of the opinion that the policy of keeping the whites and the natives separate may pose a great threat to the coming generation. She wrote many impressive poems which had intense effects on the hearts of people. The natives realized that the Europeans had made no agreement with them. It was due to this fact that the Australian government always used to call the land, Terra Nullius, which means that land belongs to none. This verdict recognized their claims of natives over the land prior to 1770. There was also a long and agonising history of children of mixed blood that was being forcibly captured and separated from their native relatives. These children were denied all sorts of rights.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

What do you know about wind of change in the USA and Canada?

Till 1920s, the position of the native peoples of the USA and Canada did not improve. In 1928, a survey was conducted by Lewis Menon in which he narrated the grim picture of terribly poor people. The factors responsible for the winds of change were as follows: Indian Reorganisation Act, 1934 In 1934, the Indian Reorganisation Act was introduced. Under the provision of this act, the natives living in reserves were given the right to buy land and take loans. Indeed, it was a landmark step in the history of natives. Declaration of Indian Rights, 1954 Between 1950 to 1960, the Governments of America and Canada thought to abolish all special provisions for the natives. They hoped that the natives will support their ideas to abolish privileges. But the natives did not do it. As a result of this, in 1954 many prepared a document named Declaration of Indian Rights. In it, they said that they will accept the citizenship of America on the terms that their reserves will not be taken back and there will be no interference in tradition. In 1969, the government announced that they would not recognise aboriginal rights in Canada. The natives gave their support. They organised opposition by holding debates and a series of demonstrations. By the Constitution Act of 1982, they accepted the existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the natives.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

What do you know about the slavery system in the USA? How was it abolished? Discuss.

The climatic condition of the southern region was too hot. The Europeans were not able to work outdoors. Their main intention was to employ slaves as workers. The natives of South American colonies who had been enslaved had died in great numbers. As a result, the plantation owners bought slaves in Africa. There was a wide protest by anti¬slavery groups that led to a ban on slave trade. But the Africans who lived in the USA remained slaves. The economy of the north was completely different from the south. The northern states of America began to raise their voice against this practice. But the southern states were not interested in abolishing it. This led to a war between the two nations. This war continued till four years, i.e. from 1861 to 1865. The northern states emerged victorious in this war. Hence, the institution of slavery was finally abolished. Abraham Lincoln, the then President of America played a remarkable role in the abolition of slavery.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

How would you interpret the expansion of the USA? Also discuss the development of agriculture in the USA.

Answer: Expansion of the USA The USA and Canada came into being towards the end of the 18th century. They occupied only a fraction of land. The imperial power of that time established 13 colonies on its eastern coasts with an objective to gain her independence from Britain. In 1776, they declared a war against Britain. This war continued till 1783 and came to an half with the defeat of Britain. In this way, independence of the United States of America came into being. The USA took long time to reach the present boundaries. America started expansion towards the west. To reach its present boundary, the southern region was won from Mexico. This southern expansion of America resulted in the displacement of the natives time and again. By 1892, America reached its present strength. Agricultural Development The Europeans in America had purchased large size of landholdings. They cleared forests and brought more land under cultivation. They produced crops like rice and cotton. These crops were sold in European market to earn more profits. To protect the crops from the dangers of wild predators they hunted on larger scale. The invention of barbed wire proved to be a milestone in the development of agriculture in America.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

Discuss the features of the lifestyle of the native peoples of North America.

The features of the lifestyle of the native peoples of North America were as follows: Living of the people: In North America, the people lived in bands, in villages along the bank of the river valley. Diet: The people used to grow crops such as maize and different types of vegetation. They also ate fish and meat and went on hunting at far off places in search of wild buffaloes called bison. Economy: The people believed in subsistence economy. They used to grow as much crops as required to fulfil their basic needs. Land as a resource: They claimed their rights over the ownership of the land and were satisfied with the food and shelter available. There was no conflict with them for securing their rights over the ownership of land. Exchange of gifts: The natives of America used to live a life based on the principle of togetherness and mutual friendship. They did not indulge themselves into sale or purchase of goods. Thus, they used to exchange gifts amongst them. Language: The natives used to speak a number of languages. But names of these were not written down. Clothes: The natives of North America were skilled craftsmen and knew the art of weaving best quality of clothes.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

Discuss the beginning of economic development in Australia with the establishment of European colonies.

Answer: With the coming of Europeans and establishment of their colonies in Australia, the process of economic development seeded up. The Europeans established larger sheep-rearing farms. They kept and reared the sheep Marino. They cleared forest for the development of agriculture. Production of wheat was encouraged and large vineyards were established to encourage the wine industry. Mining industry was also encouraged which laid the foundation of prosperity of Australia.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

What do you understand by Terra nullius?

Terra nullius means belonging to no body. The govt, of Australia always termed the land of Australia terra nullius. The rights of the natives were also undermined. Terra nullius was legally invalid.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

Discuss the contribution of W.H.O. Stanner in understanding the culture of the natives.

The Europeans made no sincere efforts to understand the Australian natives and their culture. It was due to their hostile attitude towards the natives. In their books, the Europeans too described their achievements. It was projected that the natives had neither any indigenous culture, nor had they any history of their own. In 1968 W.E.H. Stanner published his famous book named, “The Great Australian Silence”. In it, he encouraged the Europeans to trace and understand the historical roots of the natives of Australia. It was indeed a commendable step.

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