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Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Which one of the following states is not connected with the H.V.J. pipeline? a. Madhya Pradesh b. Maharashtra c. Gujarat d. Uttar Pradesh

Maharashtra

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

. Which mode of transportation reduces trans-shipment losses and delays? a. Railways b. Roadways c. Pipelines d. Waterways

Pipelines

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Which two of the following extreme locations are connected by the east-west corridor? a. Mumbai and Nagpur b. Silcher and Purbandar c. Mumbai and Kolkata d. Nagpur and Siliguri

(b) Silcher and Purbander

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry.

The steps that can be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industries are given below: Adopting the latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment to improve energy efficiency. Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance. Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smokestacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Using silencers for noise-generating equipment. Minimising water usage by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages. Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases: Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation. Secondary treatment by biological process Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves the recycling of wastewater.

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

How do industries pollute the environment?

Industries are responsible for four types of pollution: Air Water Land Noise Air pollution is caused by the presence of a high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide and airborne particulate matter. Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged into water bodies. Paper, refineries and tanneries are the main culprits. Soil and water pollution are closely related. The dumping of waste makes the soil useless for agricultural activities. The pollutants then reach the groundwater through the soil and contaminate it. Noise pollution is caused by industrial machinery and construction activities.

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Write the answers to the following questions in 120 words. (i) How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? What problems does the industry face? What recent developments have led to a rise in the production capacity?

Integrated steel plants are large and handle everything in one complex – from putting together raw material to steel making, rolling and shaping. Mini steel plants are smaller, have electric furnaces, and use steel scrap and sponge iron. They have re-rollers that use steel ingots as well. They produce mild and alloy steel of given specifications. The challenges faced by the steel industry are given below: High cost and limited availability of coking coal Lower productivity of labour Irregular supply of energy Poor infrastructure Recent developments such as liberalisation and foreign direct investment (FDI) have given a boost to the industry with the efforts of private entrepreneurs.

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement.

Important raw materials used in the manufacture of cement are the following: Limestone Silica Alumina Gypsum

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

What are the basic industries? Give an example.

Basic or key industries are the industries which supply their product or raw materials to manufacture other goods. For example, iron and steel industries provide iron and steel to other industries as raw materials.

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Name any three human factors for the location of an industry.

Three human factors for the location of an industry are the following: Labour Capital Closeness to cities E.g., the jute textile industry in West Bengal gets cheap labour from the adjoining states, and Kolkata is a large urban centre for banking, insurance and port facilities.

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Name any three physical factors for the location of the industry.

Three physical factors for the location of the industry are: Availability of raw materials Closeness to market Availability of power For example, the jute textile industry is concentrated in West Bengal as the jute-producing areas lie in the Hugli basin, and there is cheap water transport for the transportation and processing of jute.

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

What is manufacturing?

Manufacturing is the production of goods in large quantities after processing raw materials to produce more valuable products. For example, paper is manufactured from wood, sugar from sugarcane, iron and steel from iron ore and aluminium from bauxite.

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computer, etc? a) Steel (b) Electronic (c ) Aluminium (d) Information Technology

Solution: (b) Electronic

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material? a) Aluminium (b) Cement (c ) Jute (d) Steel

Solution: (a) Aluminium

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants? a) HAIL (b) SAIL (c ) TATA Steel (d) MNCC

Solution: (b) SAIL

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material. a) Aluminium (b) Cement (c ) Sugar (d) Jute

Solution: (b) Cement

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Explain what is referred to as the G-77 countries. In what ways can G-77 be seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins?

Solution: After the Second World War, many parts of the world were still under European colonial rule, and it took over two decades for the colonies in Asia and Africa to become free independent nations. When they became free, they faced many other problems, such as poverty, lack of resources, etc. Economies and societies were handicapped for being under colonial rule for long periods. As colonies, many of the less developed regions of the world had been part of Western empires. The policy of the Bretton Woods twins tilted more in favour of the developed nations of the Western world. Now, ironically, as newly independent countries facing urgent pressures to lift their populations out of poverty, they came under the guidance of international agencies dominated by the former colonial powers. Therefore, these colonies organised themselves as a group – the Group of 77 (or G-77) – to demand a new international economic order (NIEO). By the NIEO, they meant a system that would give them real control over their natural resources, more development assistance, fairer prices for raw materials, and better access to their manufactured goods in developed countries’ markets.

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Explain the causes of the Great Depression.

Solution: The Great Depression was a result of many factors. Some of them are Agriculture overproduction was a major problem. As a result, agricultural prices fell. As prices fell, so did agricultural incomes. This increased the volume of goods in the market. The situation got worsened in the market. Prices fell further. Farm produce began to rot due to the lack of buyers. Prosperity in the USA during the 1920s created a cycle of higher employment and incomes. It led to a rise in consumption and demand. More investment and more employment created tendencies of speculation, which led to the Great Depression of 1929 up to the mid-1930s. The stock market crashed in 1929. It created panic among investors and depositors, who stopped investing and depositing. As a result, it created a cycle of depreciation. The withdrawal of US loans affected the rest of the world in many different ways. In Europe, it led to the failure of the major banks and the collapse of major currencies such as the British pound sterling. Some of the banks closed down when people withdrew all their assets, leaving them unable to invest. Some banks called back loans taken from them at the same dollar rate in spite of the falling value of the dollar.

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Explain the three types of movements or flows within the international economic exchange. Find one example of each type of flow which involved India and Indians, and write a short account of it.

Solution: The three types of movements or flows within the international economic exchange are trade flows, human capital flows and capital flows or investments. These can be explained as the trade in agricultural products, migration of labour, and financial loans to and from other nations. The flow of trade (trade in goods, e.g. cloth or wheat) India was a hub of trade in the pre-modern world, and it exported textiles and spices in return for gold and silver from Europe. Fine cotton was produced in India and was exported to Europe. With industrialisation, British cotton manufacturing began to expand, and industrialists pressurised the government to restrict cotton imports and protect local industries. As a result of the tariffs that were imposed on cloth imports, the inflow of fine Indian Cotton began to decline. The flow of labour (the migration of people in search of employment) In the field of labour, indentured labour was provided for mines, plantations and factories abroad, in huge numbers, in the nineteenth century. This was an instrument of colonial domination by the British. Indentured labourers were hired under contacts who promised return travel to India after they had worked five years on their employer’s plantation. The living conditions were harsh, and the labourers had little protection from the law or from it as they had few rights. The movement of capital (investments) Britain took generous loans from the USA to finance the World War. Since India was an English colony, the impact of these loan debts was felt in India too. Food and other crops for the world market required capital. Large plantations could borrow it from banks and markets.

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Imagine that you are indentured Indian labour in the Caribbean. Drawing from the details in the chapter, write a letter to your family describing your life and feelings

Solution: Dear Ma and Pa, My work as an indentured labourer in Jamaica is far from a walk in the park. Through this letter, I want to tell you about my life here. When the contractor hired me, he was quite economical with the truth about the living and working conditions. To say nothing of the kind of work and place of work. We have very few rights, with the contractor living up to the behaviour standards expected of them in the Caribbean – extremely harsh. He treats us like animals since we are a minority and thus easy targets for his wrath. Accidents are common in the sugar plantations in Jamaica. One time, I saw a worker burnt alive when the liquid sugar we were boiling accidentally spilt on him. Since he cannot work with his third-degree burns, the contractor saw it fit to throw him out without any due wages paid. We don’t have any rights to speak or to express our dissatisfaction about the working conditions. And if we do, we will face the overseer’s whips. Whenever I do not attend my work, I am liable to be in jail. There is a lot of work at the plantations with a heavy workload and less time to finish it all. In case of unsatisfactory work, my wages are cut. If there is hell on earth, it certainly is this. I know my writing will cause you anguish but rest assured, there is talk of new laws underway to protect labourers like us. Thus, this situation will pass soon.

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

What is meant by the Bretton Woods Agreement?

In order to preserve economic stability and full employment in the industrial world, the post-war international economic system was established. To execute the same, the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference was held in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA. The Bretton Woods Conference established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to deal with external surpluses and shortages in its member nations. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (popularly known as the World Bank) was set up for financial post-war reconstruction, and it started its financial operations in 1947. Under the agreement, currencies were pegged to the price of gold, and the US dollar was seen as a reserve currency linked to the price of gold. Decision-making authority was given to the Western industrial powers. The US was given the right to veto over key IMF and World Bank decisions. The Bretton Woods System was based on fixed exchange rates. The Bretton Woods System opened an era of unique growth of trade and income for the Western industrial nations and Japan.

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