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PhysicsClass 10CBSE

Causes of friction

Interlocking of microscopic surface irregularities (asperities) — primary causeMolecular adhesive forces (van der Waals forces between contact surfaces)Normal force — greater pressing force = greater interlocking = more friction (f = μN)Nature of materials — rubber/concrete = high friction; ice/ice = very lowSurface deformation — soft materials deform to increase contact areaLubricants — reduce friction by creating a separating film

PhysicsClass 10CBSE

What is are force?

Force is any push or pull that changes or tends to change the state of rest or uniform motion of a body.F = ma (Newton's Second Law) | SI unit: Newton (N) = 1 kg·m/s²Four fundamental forces of nature:GravitationalElectromagneticStrong NuclearWeak NuclearSir Isaac Newton formally defined force in Principia Mathematica (1687).Force in one word: Push or Pull (technically: "Interaction").

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