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PhysicsClass 10CBSE

What is electric potential?

Electric potential at a point is the work done per unit positive charge in bringing a test charge from infinity to that point.Formula: V = W/q (in Volts)Scalar quantity.1 Volt = 1 Joule / 1 Coulomb.Analogous to "height" in a gravitational landscape higher potential = higher positi

PhysicsClass 10CBSE

What is an electric circuit?

An electric circuit is a closed, continuous conducting path through which current flows from a source to the load and back.Essential components: Source (battery), conducting wires, load (bulb/resistor), switch.TypeDescriptionSeriesSingle path same current, voltage dividesParallelMultiple paths same voltage, current divides</tab

PhysicsClass 10CBSE

Why does steam cause more severe burns than boiling water?

Steam causes more severe burns because it carries extra energy the latent heat of vaporisation.Both are at 100°C, but when steam contacts skin, it first condenses, releasing 2260 kJ/kg, then cools from 100°C.Boiling water only releases energy from cooling from 100°C to body temperature.The extra 2260 kJ/kg from condensation is enormous this is why steam burns are medically more serious.Steam burns are worse than boiling water burns because steam releases additional

PhysicsClass 10CBSE

What is latent heat?

Latent heat is the energy absorbed or released during a change of state at constant temperature it goes into breaking/forming intermolecular bonds, not increasing temperature.TypeChangeFor WaterLatent heat of fusion (Lf)Solid ↔ Liquid334 kJ/kgLatent heat of vaporisation (Lv)Liquid ↔ Gas2260 kJ/kgF

PhysicsClass 10CBSE

What is atmospheric pressure?

Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of the air column above any surface.At sea level: 1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 760 mm HgMeasured by a barometer.Decreases with altitude less air above = less weight = less pressure.Everyday effects: Drinking throug

PhysicsClass 10CBSE

What is the difference between mass and weight?

FeatureMassWeightDefinitionQuantity of matterGravitational force on massTypeScalarVectorFormula—W = mgUnitKilogram (kg)Newton (N)Constant?AlwaysChanges with gMeasured byBeam balanceSpring balance</

PhysicsClass 10CBSE

What is distance in physics?

Distance is the total length of the path travelled by an object, regardless of direction. It is a scalar quantity always positive.FeatureDistanceDisplacementTypeScalarVectorDirectionNoYesCan be negative?NoYesExample: Walk 4 km east and 3 km north → Dist

PhysicsClass 10CBSE

What is Newton's second law of motion?

Newton's Second Law: The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the net applied force and acts in its direction.The famous equation: F = maF = net force (N), m = mass (kg), a = acceleration (m/s²)Bigger force → more acceleration; bigger mass → less acceleration.Derivation: F = d(m

PhysicsClass 10CBSE

What is Newton's first law of motion?

Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia): An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in uniform motion in a straight line, unless acted on by an external unbalanced force.Inertia: The natural tendency to resist any change in motion state.Real-life examples: Book lying on a table; passengers lurching forward when a bus brakes; dust flying off a beaten carpet.Newton's First Law says objects resist any change in their motion s

PhysicsClass 10CBSE

What is a conservative force?

A conservative force does work independent of the path taken only initial and final positions matter. Work done over a closed path is always zero.Examples of Conservative Forces: Gravitational, electrostatic, spring force.Non-conservative: Friction, air resistance (always dissipate energy as heat).A conservative force does path-independent work and is associated with potential energy gravity and electrostatic force are the most common exa

PhysicsClass 10CBSE

What is centripetal force?

Centripetal force acts on an object in circular motion, always directed towards the centre of the circle.Formula: F = mv²/rSituationForce acting as centripetalStone on a stringTensionEarth orbiting SunGravityCar turning a cornerFrictionElectron around nucleusElectrostatic force</tbo

PhysicsClass 10CBSE

What is gravitational force?

Gravitational force is the attractive force between any two objects with mass.Newton's Law: F = G × (m₁ × m₂) / r²G = 6.674 × 10⁻¹¹ N m²/kg²Always attractive, acts over infinite range, does not need a medium.Weakest of four fundamental forces, but dominant at astronomical scales.<

PhysicsClass 10CBSE

What is a longitudinal wave?

A longitudinal wave has particles vibrating parallel to the direction of wave propagation, creating alternating compressions and rarefactions.Requires a material medium cannot travel through vacuum.Classic example: Sound wavesFeatureLongitudinalTransverse<

PhysicsClass 10CBSE

What is the critical angle?

The critical angle is the angle of incidence in a denser medium at which the refracted ray just grazes the interface (90°), beyond which total internal reflection occurs.Formula: sin(C) = 1/nExample (Glass, n = 1.5): sin(C) = 1/1.5 → C ≈ 41.8°Applications: Optical fibres, diamond sparkle, periscopes/binoculars, mirages.The critical angle is the threshold angle of incidence beyond which light undergoes total interna

PhysicsClass 10CBSE

What is focal length?

Focal length is the distance between the optical centre of a lens/mirror and its principal focus.Symbol: f | Unit: metres (m)Convex lens/concave mirror: positive fConcave lens/convex mirror: negative fRelationship with Power: P = 1/f (in Dioptre

PhysicsClass 10CBSE

What is dispersion of light?

Dispersion is the splitting of white light into its constituent colours (VIBGYOR) when passing through a prism.Different colours have different wavelengths → different refractive indices → different bending.Violet bends most; red bends least.Examples: Rainbow, prism spectrum, diamond sparkle,

PhysicsClass 10CBSE

What is refractive index?

Refractive index measures how much light slows down when passing from vacuum into a medium.Formula: n = c / v (speed of light in vacuum / speed in medium)MediumRefractive IndexVacuum1.00Water1.33Glass~1.5Diamond2.42Diamond's high refractive index (2.42) c

PhysicsClass 10CBSE

What is a magnifying glass used for?

A magnifying glass makes small objects appear larger using a convex (converging) lens. When an object is placed within the focal length, the lens produces a virtual, erect, and magnified image.Uses: Reading fine print, examining lab specimens, jewellery inspection, philately, forensic investigation, watchmaking.A magnifying glass uses a convex lens to create a virtual, enlarged image of nearby objects, widely used in science, medicine, and everyday tasks.

PhysicsClass 10CBSE

What is the photoelectric effect?

The photoelectric effect is the ejection of electrons from a metal surface when light of sufficient frequency strikes it. Explained by Einstein using photons.Depends on frequency, not intensity higher frequency = more energetic photons = faster electrons.Increasing intensity only increases the number of ejected electrons, not their speed.<li data

PhysicsClass 10CBSE

What is a fuel cell and how does it work?

A fuel cell converts the chemical energy of hydrogen directly into electrical energy through reaction with oxygen like a battery that never runs out as long as fuel is supplied.How it works:At the anode: H₂ → H⁺ + electrons (electrons travel through external circuit = electricity)At the cathode: O₂ + H⁺ + ele

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