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HistoryClass 7All

Who is a mansabdar?

A mansabdar was an official in the Mughal administration who held a rank (mansab). Mansabdars were responsible for both civil and military duties. They maintained a fixed number of soldiers and horses for the emperor and were paid either in cash or through land assignments. This system was an important part of Mughal governance and military organization.

HistoryClass 7All

Give one example of a Mughal marriage with Rajputs.

The Mughal Empire was one of the most powerful empires in Indian history, known for its strong administration, military system, and policies of expansion and alliance. One important policy followed by the Mughals was forming alliances with Rajputs through marriage. A famous example is the marriage of Akbar with the daughter of Raja Bharmal. This alliance helped in strengthening political relations and ensured loyalty from Rajput rulers.

HistoryClass 7All

Define the term ur and nagaram

Answer: Ur was a village assembly of all classes of people who owned land within the village. Associations of traders were known as nagarams. These associations also occasionally performed administrative functions in towns.

HistoryClass 7All

Name the dynasties that fought for control over Kanauj in the early medieval period. Why was it called the “tripartite struggle”?

Answer: `From ninth to thirteenth century, three powers – Gurjara-Pratihara of western India, Rashtrakutas of the north–western Deccan and Palas of Bengal, fought for control over Kanauj. As there were three powers in this long drawn conflict, historians often describe it as “tripartite struggle”.

HistoryClass 7All

What is the difference between the terms brahmadaya and devadana?

Answer: Tax free lands granted to Brahmanas were called Brahmadeya. As a result of these grants, a large number of Brahman settlements emerged in the Kaveri valley as in other parts of south India. Land gifted to the temples was called Devadana. Often entire villages were given to the villagers.

HistoryClass 7All

Who was responsible to collect the revenue from the people?

Answer: Revenue in the kingdom was collected from peasants, cattle–keepers, artisans and traders. Members of influential family were appointed by the king to collect revenue. These positions were often hereditary.

HistoryClass 7All

Write a short note on Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni.

Answer: Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni was the ruler of Afghanistan. He ruled from 997 to 1030 and extended control over parts of Central Asia, Iran and north-western part of the subcontinent. He raided the subcontinent almost every year. His later invasions were specifically directed to temple towns, including that of Somnath, Gujarat, as Indian temples were depositories of great wealth. Much of the wealth that Mahmud carried away was used to create a splendid capital city at Ghazni. He entrusted a scholar named al-Biruni to write an account of the subcontinent. This Arabic work, known as Kitab-al Hind remains an important source for historians.

HistoryClass 7All

How did the Chola temples become hub of economic, social and cultural life?

Answer: The Chola temples were not merely places of worship. They often became nuclei of settlements, which grew around them. The Brahman priests imparted education in Sanskrit in these temples. Important meetings were sometimes held inside the temple complex. These were also centres of craft production. Fairs were organised during religious festivals. Temples gave employment to a large number of people including priests, garland makers, cooks, sweepers, musicians, dancers etc. So we can say, temples were not only places of worship; they were hub of economic, social and cultural life as well.

HistoryClass 7All

Who were samantas? How did they weaken the authority of the King? Explain with an example.

Answer: Kings often acknowledged big landlords or warrior chiefs, in different regions of the subcontinent, as their subordinates or samantas. They provided military support to the king. The king became increasingly dependent on these chiefs. Some of these warrior chiefs grew ambitious and some of them became independent when the king’s power declined. For example, Rashtrakutas were subordinate to the Chalukyas of Karnataka who rose to power by overthrowing their overlords.

HistoryClass 7All

Describe ‘Gondwana’.

Ans. ‘Gondwana’ or ‘land of the Gonds’ is loosely defined area of Southern Madhya Pradesh, Eastern Maharashtra, Southern Chhatishgarh, Orissa and Northern Andhra Pradesh. This region lent its name to Gondwanaland, the ancient southern super continent which comprised of Africa, South America, Australia, India and Antarctica.

HistoryClass 7All

Who was considered as one of the builders of the Ahom states? How?

Ans. Suhungmung is considered as one of the real builders of the Ahom state. He undertook the first population census of his kingdom & brought different classes of craftsmen from outside his state and established them in his kingdom.

HistoryClass 7All

Which languages are related with Gondi languages?

Ans. The Gondi language is related to Telugu, Tamil & Kannada.

HistoryClass 7All

Which title Ahoms wore?

Ans. Ahoms kings started to wear the title of ‘Swargadeo’.

HistoryClass 7All

Give some details of Sukapha administrative steps?

Ans. Sukapha laid the foundation of a sound administration. He appointed two members from the noble families to the posts of ministers- known as Buragohain & Bargohain. He adopted a conciliatory policy with tribes inhabiting the neighborhood of Charaideo. He unified all the smaller states & feudal territories into one big Ahom state.

HistoryClass 7All

Which countries inhabited by Ahoms in start?

Ans. Some part of Mongolia & northern China were inhabited by Ahoms in start of their rise.

HistoryClass 7All

Who were ‘Ahoms’?

Ans. During the first quarter of 13th century a prince from northern Myanmar, Sukapha, who laid the foundation of a kingdom in upper Assam (modern Sibsagar district). He belonged to the Tai branch of Mongoloid race. Members of his family & his compatriots were known in Assam as ‘Ahom’ or ‘Aham’ or ‘Asam’. It is from their name that the state later came to be known as ‘Assam’.

HistoryClass 7All

Who were ‘Kayasthas’?

Ans. The kayastha was a caste of scribes. These people were record keepers during age of land grants, later evolved as caste.

HistoryClass 7All

How foreigners assimilated into the Indian society?

Ans. During the Gupta period, there was proliferation of castes into numerous sub-castes due to many factors like, social and religious rules, intercaste marriages, conversion of different occupations people into caste with people of their respective profession etc. A large number of foreigners had been assimilated into the Indian society and each group of foreigners mainly came as conquerors, they were given status of Kshatriya in society.

HistoryClass 7All

What were the rules of castism in India?

Ans. The Indian caste system was governed by rules of: Endogamy; means marriage was only legitimate within the caste. Commensality; food was only to be received from & eaten in the presence of members of same caste or higher caste. Craft exclusiveness; each man was to live by trade or profession of his caste.

HistoryClass 7All

What were features of the society of Chola period?

Ans. With the advent of Chola period an important feature of south Indian caste structure had appeared. Kshatriyas & Vaishyas were few in number there; whole population was mainly divided into Brahmins & Shudras groups. The Shudra castes, which formed the mass of the group, divided as the right (idange) and left (wange) hands.

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