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HistoryClass 10CBSE

Jacobin Club

Full name: Society of the Jacobins, Friends of Freedom and EqualityFounded: 1789, Paris (named after St. Jacob's convent)Members mainly from: Lower/lower-middle class small shopkeepers, artisans, petty traders, daily-wage workers, domestic servants = the sans-culottesLed by: Maximilien Robespierre (lawyer), also Marat, Danton, Saint-JustCame to power: 1793 - Launched Reign of Terror (1793–94): ~16,000–40,000 executedFell: July 1794 Robespierre arrested and guillotined (Thermidorian Reaction)

HistoryClass 7All

Write a note on the teachings of Guru Nanak.

Ans. The ideas of Guru Nanak had a huge impact on this development from the very beginning. He emphasized the importance of the worship of one God. He insisted that caste, creed or gender was irrelevant for attaining liberation. His idea of liberation was not that of a state of inert bliss but rather the pursuit of active life with a strong sense of social commitment. He himself used the terms nam, dan and isnan for the essence of his teaching, which actually meant right worship, welfare of others and purity of conduct. His teachings are now remembered as nam-japna, kirt-karna and vand-chhakna, which also underline the importance of right belief and worship, honest living, and helping others.

HistoryClass 7All

What was the Khalsa Panth ?

Ans . The Sikh movement began to get politicized in the seventeenth century, a development which culminated in the institution of the Khalsa BY Guru Gobind Singh in 1699. The community of the Sikhs called the Khalsa Panth became a political entity.

HistoryClass 7All

Who ordered the execution of

Ans. The Mughal emperor Jahangir ordered the execution of Guru Arjan Dev, because by the beginning of the seventeenth century the town of Ramdaspur (Amritsar) developed around the central Gurdwara called Harmandar Sahib (Golden Temple). It was like a state with self governing. The Mughal emperor saw this development as potential threat. So he ordered the execution.

HistoryClass 7All

What is the holy scripture of the Sikhs?

Ans. After Guru Angad , three of his followers also wrote under the name Nanank and their compositions were compiled by Guru Arjan Dev in 1604. To this compilation were added the writings of Shaik Farid , Sant Kabir, Bhagat Namdev and Guru Tegh Bahadur. In 1706 this compilaltion was authenticated by his son and successor Guru Gobind Sing. It is known as Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of the Sikhs.

HistoryClass 7All

Who compiled Gurumukhi?

Ans. Guru Angad compiled the composition of Guru Nank and added his own in a new script known as Gurumukhi.

HistoryClass 7All

Whom did Guru Nanak appoint as his successor before his death?

Ans . Guru Nanak appointed one of his followers named Lehna. Later Lehna came to be known as Guru Angad and projected himself as part of Guru Nanak.

HistoryClass 7All

Who was Guru Nanak?

Ans. Guru Nanak was born at Talwandi. He sang his own hymns for his followers. His followers ate together in the common kitchen called langar. The sacred place later came to be known as dharmsal and now it is known as Gurdwara.

HistoryClass 7All

Write A note on Kabir and his teachings.

Ans. Kabir belonged to a family of Muslim julahas from Benaras (Varanasi) and lived in the fifteenth –sixteenth centuries. We get information about him from a collection of verses called sakhis and pads composed by him and sung by bhajan singers. Kabir’s teachings were based on a complete rejection of the major religious traditions. His teachings openly criticized all forms of worship of Brahmins and the priestly classes and the caste system. His language was very simple Hindi. He believed in a formless Supreme God and advocated that the salvation is possible only through devotion. His followers were from both Hindus and Muslims.

HistoryClass 7All

Who was Mirabai?

Ans. Mirabai was a Rajput princess married into the royal family of Mewar in the sixteenth century. She became a disciple of Ravidas a saint from untouchable caste. She was devoted to Krishna and composed many bhajnas. In her songs she criticized the upper caste norms strongly. She was very popular among the masses of Rajasthan and Gujarat.

HistoryClass 7All

Who was Shankaradev?

Ans. Shankaradeva was from Assam and emphasised devotion tom Vishnu, and composed poems and plays in Assamese. He began practicie of setting up namghars or houses of recitation and prayer.

HistoryClass 7All

Who compiled Sursagara, Surasaravali and Sahitya Lahari ?

Ans . Sursagara, Surasaravali and Sahitya Lahari were compiled by Surdas .

HistoryClass 7All

Who wrote Ramcharitmanas ?

Ans. Tulsidas wrote Ramcharitmanas in Awadhi language which was spoken in eastern Uttar Pradesh.

HistoryClass 7All

Who was Jalaluddin Rumi?

Ans .Jalaluddin Rumi was a great Sufi poet of thirteenth –century from Iran. He wrote in Persian language.

HistoryClass 7All

What was dargah?

Ans. Dargah was a tomb of a sufi.

HistoryClass 7All

What was khanqahs ?

Ans. khanqahs were like hospices. It was a place where the Sufi masters held their assemblies. Devotees of all descriptions including members of the royalty and nobility, and ordinary people flocked there. They discussed spiritual matters and sought the blessings of the saints.

HistoryClass 7All

Write a note on the Chishti dilsila.

Ans. The Chishti silsila emerged in India. It had a line of teachers like Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti of Ajmer, Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki of Delhi, Baba Farid of Punjab, Khwaja Nizamuddin Auliya of Delhi and Bandanawaz Gisudaraz of Gulabarga.

HistoryClass 7All

What was silsilas ?

Ans . Sufis believed that the heart can be trained to look at the world in a different way. So They developed elaborate methods of training using zikr which means chanting of a name or sacred formula., contemplation, sama (singing) ,raqs(dancing), discussion of parables, breath control, etc., Thus emerged the silsilas, genealogy of Sufi teachers.

HistoryClass 7All

Who were the great Sufis of central Asia ?

Ans. The great Sufis of Central Asia were Ghazzali, Rumi and Sadi

HistoryClass 7All

Who were Sufis?

Ans. Sufis were Muslim mystics. They rejected outward religiosity and emphasized love and devotion to God and compassion towards all fellow human beings. Islam propagated monotheism or submission to on God and Muslim scholars developed a holy law called Sahriat. The Sufis rejected the elaborate rituals and codes of behaviour demanded by Muslim religious scholars. The Sufis also composed poems expressing their feelings

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