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Construct a table on the distribution of land among the 450 families of Palampur.

The distribution of land among the 450 families of Palampur is as given below: Area of land Cultivated Number of Families 0 150 Less than 2 hectares 240 More than 2 hectares 60

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

How did the spread of electricity help farmers in Palampur?

The spread of electricity helped the farmers of Palampur as it aided in the transformation of the irrigation system of the village. The farmers earlier used Persian wheels to draw water from wells and irrigate small fields. But after the spread of electricity, electric tube wells replaced these Persian wheels. The first tube well was installed by the Government, but later, private tube wells were also set up by the farmers, resulting in the cultivation of the entire 200 hectares of irrigated land by the 1970s.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Modern farming methods require more inputs which are manufactured in industries. Do you agree?

Yes, it is correct to say that modern farming methods require more inputs which are manufactured in industries. It is because modern farming methods use high-yielding varieties of seeds. These seeds require both chemical fertilisers and pesticides, agricultural implementations like tractors and proper irrigation facilities like electric tube wells, and all these elements are manufactured in industries. However, on the other hand, traditional farming methods use a relatively low-yielding variety of seeds and use cow dung and other natural manures as fertiliser, which is why they are less dependent on industrial outputs.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Every village in India is surveyed once in ten years during the Census and some of the details are presented in the following format. Fill up the following based on information on Palampur. a. LOCATION: b. TOTAL AREA OF THE VILLAGE: c. LAND USE (in hectares): Cultivated Land Land not available for cultivation (Area covering dwellings, roads, ponds, grazing ground) Irrigated Unirrigated 26 hectares d) FACILITIES: Educational Medical Market Electricity Supply Communication Nearest Town

LOCATION: Bulandshahr District, Western Uttar Pradesh TOTAL AREA OF THE VILLAGE: 226 hectares LAND USE (in hectares): Cultivated Land Land not available for cultivation (Area covering dwellings, roads, ponds, grazing ground) Irrigated Unirrigated 200 hectares — 26 hectares FACILITIES: Educational 1 high school, 2 primary schools Medical 1 private dispensary, 1 primary health care centre run by the Government Market 2 markets: Raiganj and Shahpur Electricity Supply Most of the houses have electricity connections. Electricity powers all the tubewells in the fields and is used for various small business. Communication Well-connected neighbouring villages, with Raiganj located within 3 kms. Proper transportation including bullock carts, tongas and bogeys carrying jaggery. Also, motor vehicles like motorcycles, jeeps, tractors and trucks are available for easy transportation. Nearest Town Shahpur

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Which capital would you consider the best — land, labour, physical capital or human capital? Why?

Human capital can be considered to be the best out of the land, labour, physical and human capital. This is because the other resources cannot be used all by themselves, and only humans can use other resources and get productive outcomes from them.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Can you imagine some village which initially had no job opportunities but later came up with many?

Students must answer this question based on their own experience.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Can you suggest some measures in the education system to mitigate the problem of the educated unemployed?

Some measures that can be taken in the education system to mitigate the problem of educated unemployed are as follows: Make secondary level education more career-oriented. This practice will not just help individuals get an education but also enhance their skills and get better employment opportunities. An individual should be able to choose the subjects that suit his or her abilities. New subjects and fields of study should be introduced at the school level, which can be opted for a career in the future. This will open an opportunity for students to plan their future options at the school level itself.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

In which field do you think India can build the maximum employment opportunity?

There are three types of activities into which the employment sector is divided: the primary sector, secondary sector and tertiary sector. The largest part of India’s population is dependent on agriculture for their livelihood, yet there is a massive scope of disguised unemployment in the agricultural sector. Hence the manufacturing sector, a secondary activity, is the one where the maximum part of the population can be given employment due to the increase in the number of industries.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Why is educated unemployed a peculiar problem of India?

Educated unemployment has become a common phenomenon in India. Youths with matriculation, graduation and post-graduation degrees are unable to get jobs in India. This is because the education system in India labels anyone above the age of 18 years as eligible to work. This leaves the youth unskilled and ultimately unemployed. It is important that an individual who does not only have a degree but must also be skilled enough to get a job.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

How will you explain the term unemployment?

A situation in which skilled and abled people do not get gainful work at a decent wage is called unemployment. Both rural and urban areas have unemployment. In the case of the rural population, there is seasonal unemployment, and in urban areas, there is educated unemployment.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

What is the difference between economic activities and non-economic activities?

The activities that add value to the national income are called economic activities. They can be divided into two types: market activities and non-market activities. Market activities involve the activities performed for pay or profit, and non-market activities include the production done for self-consumption. The activities that add no value to the national income are called non-economic activities. Domestic chore is an example of non-economic activities.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

What are the various activities undertaken in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors?

The various activities that come under the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors are as follows: Primary Sector Secondary Sector Tertiary Sector Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry, farming, mining and quarrying Manufacturing Trade, transport, communication, banking, education, health, tourism and insurance

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

What part does health play in the individual’s working life?

If an individual is healthy, then they may be able to give a better outcome in terms of their work lives. The efficiency of a healthy person is higher than that of an unhealthy person. A healthy person can spend more time working in comparison to an unhealthy person. Hence, health plays a very important role in an individual’s working life.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

How is human resource different from other resources like land and physical Capital?

Human resources are different from other resources like land and physical capital because human beings can use other resources to give out productive output. However, resources like land and physical capital are dependent on human resource for their use and cannot give any productive output all by themselves.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Write a note on the role of cooperatives in providing food and related items.

Along with the government, cooperatives also play an important role in ensuring food security in India, especially in the southern and western parts of the country. The cooperative societies set up shops to sell low-priced goods to the poor. Out of all fair-price shops running in Tamil Nadu, around 94 per cent are being run by cooperatives. Mother Dairy, in Delhi, is involved in providing milk and vegetables at controlled rates decided by the government. Amul, responsible for the White Revolution in India, is a cooperative involved in providing milk and milk products. The Academy of Development Science (ADS) in Maharashtra has been involved in the setting up of Grain Banks in different regions. It organises training and capacity-building programmes on food security for NGOs. Its efforts are also directed towards influencing the government’s policy on food security. Thus, through these examples, it can be seen that cooperatives are playing an active role in the distribution of food and related items.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

What are the problems of the functioning of ration shops?

Ration shops, also known as Fair Price Shops, keep stock of food grains, sugar, and kerosene for cooking. These items are sold to people at a price lower than the market price. However, there are problems with the functioning of the ration shops: The quality of food provided to poor people is less than the expected quality of food grains. The ration shop deals indulge in malpractices and do not provide the poor people with the entire quantity they deserve. Some ration shops are not opened regularly, and this causes discomfort to the poor. The ration shopkeepers even update wrong entries in the name of the poor people.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Write notes on:

(a) Minimum support price – The Food Corporation of India purchases wheat and rice from the farmers in states where there is surplus production. The farmers are paid a pre-announced price for their crops. This price is called Minimum Support Price. Before the sowing season every year, the government announces the MSP, and the purchased food grains are stored in granaries. (b) Buffer stock – Buffer stock is the stock of food grains, mainly wheat and rice, procured by the Government through the Food Corporation of India. This buffer stock is used by the government in case of any calamity or disaster or for the poorer section of society. (c) Issue price – Food is kept in stocks in the form of buffer stock to distribute food grains in the deficit areas and among the poorer strata of the society at a price lower than the market. This price is also known as the Issue Price. (d) Fair price shops – Ration shops, also known as Fair Price Shops, keep stock of food grains, sugar, and kerosene for cooking. These items are sold to people at a price lower than the market price. Any family with a ration card can buy a stipulated amount of these items every month from the nearby ration shop.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Why buffer stock is created by the government?

A buffer stock of food grains is created by the government so that it can be distributed in the food deficit areas and among the poorer strata of society at a price much lower than the market price. A buffer stock also helps to resolve the problem of food shortage during adverse weather conditions, disasters or calamities. Thus, maintaining buffer stock is a step taken by the government in order to ensure food security.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

What has our government done to provide food security to the poor? Discuss any two schemes launched by the government?

The government has launched various schemes for the welfare of the people and to provide food security to the poor. Two such schemes are Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) and Annapurna Scheme (APS). Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) – Launched in the year 2000, under this scheme, one crore of the poorest among the below-poverty-line families covered under the targeted public distribution system were identified, and 25 kg of food grains were provided to each eligible family at a highly subsidised rate of Rs. 2 per kg wheat and Rs. 3 per kg of rice. The scheme was further expanded in the year 2003, and close to 50 lakh families below the poverty line were provided with food grains. Annapurna Scheme (APS) – Launched in the year 2000, the scheme aims to provide food to the senior citizens who have remained uncovered under the National Old Age Pension Scheme. The eligibility for an applicant is that they should be 65 years or above in age.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Differentiate between seasonal hunger and chronic hunger?

Hunger is one of the most important aspects indicating food security. Hunger results in poverty, and there are two dimensions of hunger – one is seasonal hunger and the other is chronic hunger. The type of hunger that exists when a person is unable to get work for the entire year is called seasonal hunger. Seasonal hunger is related to cycles of food growing and harvesting. This is prevalent in rural areas because of the seasonal nature of agricultural activities and in urban areas because of casual labourers. Chronic hunger is a consequence of diets persistently inadequate in terms of quantity and/or quality. Poor people suffer from chronic hunger because of their very low income and, in turn, inability to buy food even for survival.

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