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Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Give an account of the Northern Plains of India.

The Northern Plains are the most recent landforms. The northern plains are formed of alluvial deposits. The northern plain has been formed by the interplay of the three major river systems, namely — the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra, along with their tributaries. This plain is formed of alluvial soil. The deposition of alluvium in a vast basin lying at the foothills of the Himalaya over millions of years formed this fertile plain. It spreads over an area of 7 lakh sq. km. The plain being about 2400 km long and 240 to 320 km broad, is a densely populated physiographic division. With a rich soil cover combined with an adequate water supply and favourable climate, it is agriculturally a productive part of India. The Northern Plain is broadly divided into three sections. The Western part of the Northern Plain is referred to as the Punjab Plains. Formed by the Indus and its tributaries, the larger part of this plain lies in Pakistan. The Indus and its tributaries — the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas and the Satluj all originate in the Himalaya. This section of the plain is dominated by the doabs. The Ganga plain extends between Ghaggar and Teesta rivers. It is spread over the northern states of Haryana, Delhi, U.P., Bihar and partly Jharkhand. The Ganga plains also extend towards Bengal to it’s east. Further east, in Assam lies the Brahmaputra plain. The northern plains are generally described as flatlands with no variations in their relief. However, this is not exactly true. These vast plains also have diverse relief features. According to the variations in relief features, the Northern plains can be divided into four regions. The rivers, after descending from the mountains, deposit pebbles in a narrow belt of about 8 to 16 km in width lying parallel to the slopes of the Shiwaliks. This region is known as bhabar. All the streams disappear in this bhabar belt. South of this belt, the streams and rivers re-emerge and create a wet, swampy and marshy region known as terai. This was once a thickly forested region, full of wildlife.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Which are the major physiographic divisions of India? Contrast the relief of the Himalayan region with that of the Peninsular plateau

The major physiographic divisions of India are The Himalayan Mountains The Northern Plains The Peninsular Plateau The Indian Desert The Coastal Plains The Islands Contrast the relief of Himalayan region and Peninsular Plateau Geologically, the Peninsular Plateau constitutes one of the ancient landmasses on the earth’s surface. It was supposed to be one of the most stable land blocks. The Himalayas are the most recent landforms. From the viewpoint of geology, Himalayan mountains form an unstable zone. The whole mountain system of Himalaya represents a very youthful topography with high peaks, deep valleys and fast-flowing rivers. The northern plains are formed of alluvial deposits. The peninsular plateau is composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks with gently rising hills and wide valleys.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats

The Western Ghats Lie parallel to the Western Coast. They are continuous and can be crossed through passes only. The Western Ghats’ average elevation is 900 – 1600 metres. The Western Ghats cause orographic rain by facing the rain-bearing moist winds to rise along the western slopes of the Ghats. The height of the Western Ghats progressively increases from north to south. The Eastern Ghats Lies parallel to the Eastern Coast. They are discontinuous and irregular. The Eastern Ghats are dissected by rivers flowing into the Bay of Bengal. The Eastern Ghats average elevation is 600 metres.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Distinguish between (i) Bhangar and Khadar

Bhangar Lies above flood plains of the river. Older alluvium or old soil and forms the largest part of the northern plains. Khadar It is a newer, younger deposit of flood plains. It is renewed every year.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Name the island group of India having a coral origin.

The Lakshadweep Islands is the island group of India having a coral origin.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Which plateau lies between the Aravali and the Vindhya ranges?

The Malwa plateau lies between Aravali and Vindhya ranges.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Name the three major divisions of the Himalayas from north to south.

The northernmost range is known as The Great or Inner Himalayas or Himadri. Himachal or Lesser Himalaya. Outer Himalayas or Shiwaliks.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

(i) What is the bhabar?

The northern plains are generally described as flatlands, with no variations in their relief. However, that is not true. These vast plains also have diverse relief features. According to the variations in relief features, the northern plains can be divided into four regions. The rivers, after descending from the mountains, deposit pebbles in a narrow belt of about 8 to 16 km in width lying parallel to the slopes of the Shiwaliks. This region is known as bhabar.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

The highest peak in the Eastern Ghats is (a) Anai Mudi (b) Kanchenjunga (c) Mahendragiri (d) Khasi

Answer: C

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

The western coastal strip, south of Goa is referred to as (a) Coromandel (b) Konkan (c) Kannad (d) Northern Circar

Answer: (c)

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Mountain ranges in the eastern part of India forming its boundary with Myanmar are collectively called (a) Himachal (b) Uttarakhand (c) Purvachal (d) None of the above

Answer: (c)

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

A landmass bounded by the sea on three sides is referred to as (a) Coast (b) Island (c) Peninsula (d) None of the above

Answer: (c)

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Several species of plants and animals are endangered in India. Why?

The reasons are as follows: Increasing population Pollution Deforestation Hunting by poachers.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Name different types of vegetation found in India and describe the vegetation of high altitudes.

The different types of vegetation found in India are listed below: Tropical evergreen forests Tropical deciduous forests Tropical thorn forests and scrubs Montane forests Mangrove forests The characteristics of vegetation in high altitudes are as follows: Alpine vegetation is found in altitudes above 3600 m. Trees in these areas are junipers, birches and pines.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Tropical evergreen and deciduous forests

Tropical Evergreen Forests: They are called rainforests. No definite time for trees to shed leaves. Rainfall is more than 200 cm. Tropical Deciduous Forests: They are called monsoon forests. Trees shed leaves for about six to eight weeks in the dry summer. The rainfall range is between 200 cm to 70 cm.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Flora and Fauna

The plant species of a particular region is called flora, and the animal species of a particular region is called fauna.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Name two animals having habitats in the tropical and montane types of vegetation.

Tropical: Tiger, Elephant. Montane: Snow Leopard

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

What is a bio-reserve? Give two examples.

Bio-reserves are protected areas. This is done to protect natural vegetation, wildlife and the environment. Examples: Sunderbans Gulf of Mannar

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

What factors are responsible for the distribution of plants and animals in India?

Climatic conditions: Temperature Humidity Photoperiod Precipitation Relief: Land Soil

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

(iv) Which one of the following bio-reserves of India is not included in the world network of bio reserves? (a) Manas, (b) Gulf of Mannar, (c) Nilgiri, (d) Nanda Devi

Answer: (a) Manas

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