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Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Describe the problems faced by the Weimar Republic.

The defeat of Imperial Germany at the hands of the Allied powers in World War I led to the abdication of the emperor Wilhelm II. This gave an opportunity to parliamentary parties to recast the German polity. Thus, a National Assembly met at the town of Weimar to form a republic with a democratic constitution and a federal structure. But this newborn republic was not well received by its own people for the following reasons: (I) The Allied powers imposed a harsh and humiliating

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

There are many similarities in the way in which the modern world forced changes in the lives of pastoral communities in India and East Africa. Write about any two examples of changes which were similar for Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders.

Solution: India and East Africa were under occupation by European colonial powers. There were many similarities in which both regions were exploited by these powers. (I) Forest laws Various forest laws were also responsible for changing the lives of pastoralists both in India and Africa. In India, the forest was classed as reserved and protected. No pastoralist was allowed access to the reserved forest.</s

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Give reasons to explain why the Maasai community lost their grazing lands.

Solution: In the late nineteenth century, in what would be knowns as the &lsquo;scramble for Africa&rsquo;, European imperial powers sliced up the region into different colonies with little to no regard for the local sentiments. In 1885, the land of the Maasai, Maasailand, was cut into half with an international boundary between British Kenya and German Tanzania. As a result, the best grazing lands were reserved for white settlers, with Maasai being pushed into a small area in so

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Discuss why the colonial Government in India brought in the following laws. In each case, explain how the law changed the lives of the pastoralists. a. Wasteland Rules b. Forest Acts c. Criminal Tribes Act d. Grazing Tax

Solution: a. Wasteland rules: The colonial government considered all uncultivated lands or wastelands as unproductive as they neither generated revenue nor agricultural produce. In order to bring these &lsquo;wasteland&rsquo; under cultivation, the Waste Land Rules were enacted throughout India from the mid-nineteenth century. These lands were given to select individuals with various concessions and encouraged to settle them. Most of these lands were earlier used by pastoral

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Explain why nomadic tribes need to move from one place to another. What are the advantages to the environment of this continuous movement?

Solution: Nomadic tribes move from one location in order to maintain their sustenance and way of life. As they are involved in animal husbandry, the availability of water is paramount to their existence, along with fresh pastures for their animals. When the pasture is depleted, they move to the next area, looking for new grazing grounds. The advantages to the environment are as follows: (I) The environment gets a chance to regrow

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Between 1880 and 1920 forests cover in the Indian subcontinent declined by 9.7 million hectares, from 108.6 million hectares to 98.9 million hectares. Discuss the role of the following factors in this decline: 1. Railways 2. Shipbuilding 3. Agricultural expansion 4. Commercial farming 5. Tea/Coffee plantations 6. Adivasis and other peasants users

Railways were an important asset that was essential in maintaining trade through the transport of goods and the domination of the colonies through the transport of troops. Wood was needed to lay the sleepers for railway tracks. The sleepers are what held the tracks from breaking apart. For one kilometre of railway track, anywhere between 1760 and 2000 sleepers were required. Thus, vast tracts of forest were cut down to provide the materials for the railways. (b) Ship Building<

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

What are the similarities between colonial management of the forests in Bastar and in Java?

Solution: The forest management of Bastar in India was under the control of the British, while in Java, it was under Dutch management (I) Just like the British, the Dutch required timber to make sleepers for railway tracks. (II) The British and Dutch colonial authorities enacted their own version of the forest laws that gave them total control over the forests and deprived the customary rights of the forest dwellers. (III) Both the Dutch and

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Discuss how the changes in forest management in the colonial period affected the following groups of people: 1. Shifting cultivators 2. Nomadic and pastoralist communities 3. Firms trading in timber/forest produce 4. Plantation owners 5. Kings/British officials engaged in shikar (hunting)

(I) Shifting cultivators: European colonists regarded shifting cultivation as harmful to the existence of forests. Also, it stood in the way of commercial timber forestry. There was always the chance of fires spreading out of control and burning down all the precious timber. Thus, keeping these factors in mind, the colonial government banned shifting cultivation. Many of these cultivators lost their livelihood in the process, and most were also displaced from their

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Ramesh was not in class when this chapter was being taught. He came the next day and repeated what he had heard from his father. Can you tell Ramesh what is wrong with these statements? a. Women always vote the way men tell them to. So what is the point of giving them the right to vote? b. Party politics creates tension in society. Elections should be decided by consensus not by competition. c. Only graduates should be allowed to stand as candidates for elections.

In elections, the secret-ballot system is used where an individual can vote for the party he/she likes. Hence, women can also use their discretion and cast a vote as per their wish. Competition is important for any profession, as it motivates one to improve. Competition in elections ensures that candidates work hard for society. Hence, it should be encouraged. Educational qualification is not the only factor for a candidate to understand the social needs of the peop

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Here are some reports of malpractices in Indian elections. Identify what the problem in each case is. What should be done to correct the situation? a. Following the announcement of elections, the minister promised to provide financial aid to reopen the closed sugar mill. b. Opposition parties alleged that their statements and campaign was not given due attention in Doordarshan and All India Radio. c. An inquiry by the Election Commission showed that electoral rolls of a state contain name of 20 lakh fake voters. d. The hoodlums of a political party were moving with guns, physically preventing supporters of other political parties to meet the voters and attacking meetings of other parties.

As per the code of conduct that a candidate has to obey during the election, they should not announce any promises. Hence, in this case, the Election Commission should take this up with the minister. Election Commission should ensure free and fair representation to all parties in the government-owned media. Election Commission should announce re-elections, as the presence of fake votes shows the vote-rigging. Election Commission should ban the party, as th

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Here are some reports of electoral malpractices from different parts of the world. Is there anything that these countries can learn from India to improve their elections? What would you suggest in each case? a. During an election in Nigeria, the officer in charge of counting votes deliberately increased the votes of one candidate and declared him elected. The court later found out that more than five lakh votes cast for one candidate were counted in favour of another. b. Just before elections in Fiji, a pamphlet was distributed warning voters that a vote for former Prime Minister, Mahendra Chaudhry will lead to bloodshed. This was a threat to voters of Indian origin. c. In the US, each state has its own method of voting, its own procedure of counting and its own authority for conducting elections. Authorities in the state of Florida took many controversial decisions that favoured Mr. Bush in the presidential elections in 2000. But no one could change those decisions.

On the vote-counting day, the representatives of each party that has contested in the election should be present. Nigeria should follow this rule of the election that is practised in India. In Fiji, the election commission should set up an enquiry-committee, and the party or the candidate who was involved in this negative propaganda should be debarred from the election. The US should have one Election Commission, who can make rules for states for the election.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Chinappa was convicted of torturing his wife for dowry. Satbir was held guilty of practising untouchability. The court did not allow either of them to contest elections. Does this decision go against the principles of democratic elections?

No. The decision to not allow both Chinappa and Satbir to contest elections for the crime they committed is totally fair. According to the elections&rsquo; rule, no criminal can participate in elections. Hence, it is a fair verdict.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Can we draw the following conclusions from the information given in this chapter? Give two facts to support your position for each of these. a. Election Commission of India does not have enough powers to conduct free and fair elections in the country. b. There is a high level of popular participation in the elections in our country. c. It is very easy for the party in power to win an election. d. Many reforms are needed to make our elections completely free and fair.

No. The given conclusion for the Election Commission cannot be drawn because: Election Commission released the code of conduct for elections and has the power to punish whoever violates them. During elections, the election in-charge works under the Election Commission of India and not the government. Yes, the given conclusion can be drawn because: Voter-turnout has soared in the past few years There has been an increa

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

The table below gives the proportion of different communities among the candidates who won elections to the US Congress. Compare these to the proportion of these communities in the population of the US. Based on this, would you suggest a system of reservations in the US Congress? If yes, why and for which communities? If no, why not? Communities The proportion of the Community (in per cent) House of representatives Population of US Blacks 8 13 Hispanics 5 13 Whites 86 70

Yes, the system of reservation should be present in the US Congress for Hispanics and Blacks. Their representation in the US Congress is comparatively lower than Whites, who are the majority in the US.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Surekha is an officer-in-charge of ensuring free and fair elections in an assembly constituency in a state. Describe what she should focus on for each of the following stages of election: a. Election campaign b. Polling day c. Counting day

Answer. Election Campaign Check law and order Keep a check on muscle and money power Keep a check on the expenditure limit of a candidate To ensure no promotion on the grounds of religion, caste or sex Polling Day Check the voters&rsquo; list Check on voters&rsquo; id Prevent booth capturing Ensure free and fair elections Counting Day</l

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

List all the different election-related activities mentioned in the chapter and arrange them in a time sequence, beginning with the first activity and ending with the last. Some of these activities are given below: releasing election manifestos counting of votes making of voters’ list election campaign declaration of election results casting of votes ordering of re-poll announcing election schedule filing nomination

Making of Voters&rsquo; List Announcing Election Schedule Releasing Election Manifesto Election Campaign Filing Nomination Casting of Votes Ordering of Re-poll Counting of Votes Declaration of Election Results

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Match the following : It is necessary to keep the voters list up to date because There is a fair representation of all sections of our society Some constituencies are reserved for SCs and STs so that Everyone has an equal opportunity to elect their representative Everyone has one and only one vote so that All candidates must have a fair chance of competing in elections Party in power is not allowed to use government vehicles because Some people may have moved away from the area where they voted last

It is necessary to keep the voters list up to date because Some people may have moved away from the area where they voted last Some constituencies are reserved for SCs and STs so that There is a fair representation of all sections of our society Everyone has one and only one vote so that <

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Which of these is not a good reason to say that Indian elections are democratic? a. India has the largest number of voters in the world. b. India’s Election Commission is very powerful. c. In India, everyone above the age of 18 has a right to vote. d. In India, the losing parties accept the electoral verdict.

a) India has the largest number of voters in the world.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

. Which of the following statements about the reasons for conducting elections are false? a. Elections enable people to judge the performance of the government. b. People select the representative of their choice in an election. c. Elections enable people to evaluate the performance of the judiciary. d. People can indicate which policies they prefer.

Elections enable people to evaluate the performance of the judiciary.

Social StudiesClass 9CBSE

Read the following statements about a constitution. Give reasons why each of these is true or not true. a. The authority of the rules of the constitution is the same as that of any other law. b. Constitution lays down how different organs of the government will be formed. c. Rights of citizens and limits on the power of the government are laid down in the constitution. d. A constitution is about institutions, not about values

Answer. Not true because the Constitution is the supreme law. True, as the constitution lays out the roles and powers the legislature, executive and judiciary. True, as the Constitution has provided Fundamental Rights to each and every citizen of India. Not true as the Constitution holds values on which all institutions work. Our preamble states about values &ndash; justice, liberty, fraternity, and equality.

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