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Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

. Why did the British preserve official documents?

The British preserved official documents because they thought if they wrote and recorded everything, it would later be easier for them to study them and debate. They kept official records of what they thought was right so that in the future, those records could serve as proof of all the decisions that they had taken.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

What is the problem with the periodisation of Indian history that James Mill offers?

The problem with the periodisation of Indian History that James Mill offers is the superiority of the British shown over Hindus and Muslims. James Mill has divided Indian History into three periods – Hindu, Muslim and British, claiming that it was necessary to introduce European manners, arts, institutions and laws in India. James Mill’s views have several defects given below: He thought that all Asian societies were at a lower level of civilisation when compared to Europe. According to his telling of history, before the British came to India, Hindu and Muslim despots ruled the country. Religious intolerance, caste taboos and superstitious practices dominated social life before the British came to India

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

State whether true or false: (a) James Mill divided Indian history into three periods – Hindu, Muslim, Christian. (b) Official documents help us understand what the people of the country think. (c) The British thought surveys were important for effective administration.

Answer. (a) False (b) False (c) True

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Describe the changes that occurred in the composition of the Company’s army.

The army of EIC was known as Sepoy Army. The main participants of the army were the peasants of India, trained by the EIC to become professional soldiers. The major change in the EIC army was the domination of infantry over cavalry with the introduction of muskets, matchlocks to guard them. The company also introduced a uniform military culture where soldiers were given European training through drills and other exercises.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

In what way was the administration of the Company different from that of Indian rulers?

The difference in the administration of the company and that of the Indian rulers is given below: Company Administration Indian Rulers Administration The company divided the territories into presidencies Indian rulers divided the territories into district, pargana, tehsil and parishad Governor ruled the administrative units Zamindar or Peasants were responsible for their units Governor-General was the head of the state King or Nawab was the head of the state The introduction of several acts: Regulating Act Indian Council Acts Montague-Chelmsford Reforms Indian rulers brought no such acts but used to rule with their farmans.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Explain the system of “subsidiary alliance”.

The system of the subsidiary alliance made Indian rulers let go of their armed forces and come under the protection of the East India Company. The following changes occurred when this system came into being: The East India Company became the guardian of the territories that it took under the alliance An English resident, who served as the EIC’s personnel, was appointed in the territory to keep a check on the ruler The Indian rules were asked not to allow any other European companies to trade with them and enter their territory Indian rulers were told to pay for the subsidiary armed forces of the EIC, disobeying which led to that part of the territory being forfeited by the company

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

How did the assumption of Diwani benefit the East India Company?

Diwani rights are the rights that the British acquired to collect their own revenues and have the authority to decide on civil cases. This right benefited the East India Company in several ways: It allowed the Company to use the vast revenue resources of Bengal The monopoly of the East India Company on trade started Revenue of Bengal was used to export Indian goods out of the country

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

What were the areas of conflict between the Bengal nawabs and the East India Company?

After the first British factory was set up in 1651 on the banks of the river Hugli, the East India company started allowing more of its merchants and traders to visit and settle down in the city of Bengal. The reasons that caused the conflicts between Bengal nawabs and East India Company were: Nawabs denied concessions to the East India Company on many occasions Nawabs also demanded large tributes from the company The company denied paying taxes d. The company officials wrote insulting letters to the nawabs

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

(a) The Mughal empire became stronger in the eighteenth century. (b) The English East India Company was the only European company that traded with India. (c) Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the ruler of Punjab. (d) The British did not introduce administrative changes in the territories they conquered.

(a) The Mughal empire became stronger in the eighteenth century – False (b) The English East India Company was the only European company that traded with India – False (c) Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the ruler of Punjab – True (d) The British did not introduce administrative changes in the territories they conquered – False

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

(a) The British conquest of Bengal began with the Battle of ___________. (b) Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan were the rulers of ___________. (c) Dalhousie implemented the Doctrine of ___________. (d) Maratha kingdoms were located mainly in the ___________ part of India.

(a) The British conquest of Bengal began with the Battle of Plassey (b) Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan were the rulers of Mysore. (c) Dalhousie implemented the Doctrine of Lapse (d) Maratha kingdoms were located mainly in the South-western part of India.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Match the following: Diwani Tipu Sultan “Tiger of Mysore” Right to collect land revenue Faujdari Adalat Sepoy Rani Channamma Criminal Court Sipahi Led an anti-British movement in Kitoor

Answer. Diwani Right to collect land revenue “Tiger of Mysore” Tipu Sultan Faujdari Adalat Criminal Court Rani Channamma Led an anti-British movement in Kitoor Sipahi Sepoy

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

What were the circumstances which led to the eventual collapse of indigo production in Bengal?

The collapse of indigo production in Bengal was caused by the following circumstances: Ryots’ denied producing the indigo anymore. Protests started taking place by the peasants/ryots supported by the zamindars. Following the protests, the Indigo Commission was constituted by the government, which accepted the faults of the planters and asked the planters to stop the cultivation. Planters eventually moved out of the city.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Why were ryots reluctant to grow indigo?

The ryots were reluctant to grow indigo for the below-given reasons: They were paid very low prices for it. The ryots never saw any profit accruing from the indigo plantation. Ryots were asked to grow indigo on the fertile parts of their land by the planters, which they were apprehensive about.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Give two problems which arose with the new Munro system of fixing revenue.

The new Munro system of fixing revenue posed two problems: The revenue demand was fixed way too high for peasants to pay. Peasants were unable to pay the rent, which culminated in villages getting deserted.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

How was the Mahalwari System different from the Permanent Settlement?

Differences between Mahalwari System and Permanent Settlement are given below. Mahalwari System Permanent Settlement Holt Mackenzie devised it, and it came into effect in 1822 Permanent Settlement was brought by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 The epicentre of the system was a village There was no such epicentre Villages were called ‘Mahal’ – The estimated revenue of each plot within a village was added up to calculate the revenue that each village (mahal) had to pay The revenue was fixed that each zamindar had to pay to the company The revenue was to be revised periodically Revenue was fixed The charge to collect the revenue was on the village headman The charge to collect the revenue was on the village zamindar (rajas/taluqdars)

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Describe the main features of the Permanent Settlement.

The Permanent Settlement System was a land revenue system introduced in 1793 by the East India Company. Rajas and taluqdars were recognised as zamindars to collect rent from the peasants and pay revenue to the Company. The main features of the Permanent Settlement system are: The amount paid by the zamindars to the company was fixed permanently. The Rajas were made the zamindars. Zamindars lost their right over the lands whenever they failed to make payments to the company. Exorbitant prices of land which zamindars had to pay to the company (which they failed).

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Fill in the blanks. (a) Growers of woad in Europe saw __________ as a crop which would provide competition to their earnings. (b) The demand for indigo increased in late eighteenth-century Britain because of __________. (c) The international demand for indigo was affected by the discovery of __________. (d) The Champaran movement was against __________.

(a) Growers of woad in Europe saw indigo as a crop which would provide competition to their earnings. (b) The demand for indigo increased in late eighteenth-century Britain because of the expansion of cotton production. (c) The international demand for indigo was affected by the discovery of synthetic dyes. (d) The Champaran movement was against indigo planters.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Match the following. Ryot Village Mahal Peasant Nij Cultivation on ryot’s lands Ryoti Cultivation on planter’s own land

nswer. Ryot Peasant Mahal Village Nij Cultivation on planter’s own land Ryoti Cultivation on ryot’s land

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Make sentences with each of the glossary words given on the next page. Acquit, To appeal, Compensation, Eviction, Violation.

Acquit: The jury decided to acquit the defendant on the grounds of lack of sufficient evidence to convict them of the crime. To Appeal: The defendant decided to appeal to the High Court after their lawyer said the court’s decision was not correct. Compensation: In compensation for the trouble caused due to flight delay, the airlines awarded the victim fifty thousand rupees. Eviction: The couple faced eviction because they failed to pay the monthly instalments to the bank. Violation: The office staff protested the company for the violation of their rights.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Write a story around the theme, ‘Justice delayed is justice denied’.

Answer Students have to do this by themselves.

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