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HistoryClass 7All

What did Ibn Battutah say about cash crops and industries based on them?

Ans. Ibn Battutah said that the Indian soil as so fertile that it produced rice, sugarcane, sesame and cotton in abundance. They founded the base of various village industries such as oil-pressing, making of jaggery, weaving, etc.

HistoryClass 7All

When Ibn-Battutah did visit India and in whose court he served?

Ans. Ibn-Battutah visited India in the 14th century and he lived in the court of Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq for eight years.

HistoryClass 7All

Why did Brahmanas become important in Hindu society in the early 8th century?

Answer: Brahmanas became important during this period due to the following reasons: They had knowledge of Sanskrit texts, which made them respectable in the society. They had support of their patrons, who were new rulers and searching for prestige.

HistoryClass 7All

What led to the migration of forest dwellers in the 8th century?

Answer: Forest dwellers migrated and changed their habitat due to two important factors: Gradual clearing of forests. Extension of agriculture.

HistoryClass 7All

On what bases did British historians divide the history of India into three periods in the middle of the 19th century?

Answer: British historians divided the history of India into three periods. This division was based on the idea that the religion of rulers was the only important historical change and that there were no other significant developments–in the economy, society or culture.

HistoryClass 7All

What were ‘jatis’? How were the affairs of jatis regulated?

Answer: As society became more differentiated, people were grouped into jatis or sub-castes. They were ranked on the basis of their backgrounds and occupations. The status of same jati could vary from area to area. Jatis framed their own rules and regulations to administer the behaviour of their members. An assembly of elders, described in some areas as the jati panchaya, enforced these regulations. Besides they had to follow rules of their village. Several villages were governed by a chieftain.

HistoryClass 7All

What were the major developments in the religious traditions between 700 and 1750?

Answer: Period between 700 and 1750 witnessed major developments in religious traditions. During this period, some important changes occurred in Hinduism. Worship of new deities and construction of temples by royalty began. The importance of Brahmanas and priests increased. They became dominant groups in the society. Another major development was emergence of the idea of Bhakti in which devotees did not require the aid of priests or elaborate rituals to reach their personal deity. During this period, new religions also appeared in the subcontinent. Teachings of the Holy Quran were brought to India in the 7th century by merchants and migrants.

HistoryClass 7All

In the Medieval period, for whom was the term foreigner used?

Answer: In modern times, the term foreigner is used for someone who is not an Indian. But in the medieval period, a “foreigner” was any stranger who was not a part of a particular society or culture. Therefore, a forest-dweller might have been regarded as a “foreigner”, by a city-dweller. But two peasants living in the same village were not foreigners to each other, even though they may have had different religious or caste backgrounds.

HistoryClass 7All

Who are the Rajputs?

Answer: The name Rajput is derived from “Rajaputra”, the son of a ruler. Between the eighth and fourteenth centuries, a body of warriors who were Kshatriya by caste was termed as Rajputs. The Rajputs were not just rulers and chieftains, but also soldiers and commanders who served in the armies of different monarchs all over the subcontinent. This group of people became important in this period. Poets and bards of these Rajput rulers ascribed some great qualities, such as great valour and immense sense of loyalty, to these rulers.

HistoryClass 7All

Read the following passage and answer the questions give below: “In China, an empire was established under the Tang dynasty, which remained in power for about 300 years (from the seventh to the tenth centuries). Its capital, Xi’an, was one of the largest cities in the world, visited by Turks, Iranians, Indians, Japanese and Koreans. The Tang empire was administered by a bureaucracy recruited through an examination, which was open to all who wished to appear for it. This system of selecting officials remained in place, with some changes, till 1911.” 1. Which dynasty remained in power in China from seventh to the tenth century? 2. Mention the foreigners who visited Xi’an, one of the largest cities in the world. 3. How was the bureaucracy appointed to administer the Tang empire? The system of recruitment through examination persisted till which year?

Answer: Tang dynasty established an empire in China from seventh to the tenth century. Xi’an was visited by Turks, Iranians, Indians, Japanese and Koreans. Tang empire was administered by a bureaucracy recruited through an examination. This system of selecting officials remained in place, with some changes till 1911.

HistoryClass 7All

Read the following passage and answer the questions given below: “The inscriptions of the Cholas who ruled in Tamil Nadu refer to more than 400 terms for different kinds of taxes. The most frequently mentioned tax is vetti, taken not in cash but in the form of forced labour, and kadamai, or land revenue. There were also taxes on thatching the house, the use of a ladder to climb palm trees, a cess on succession to family property, etc.” 1. Which tax is most frequently mentioned in the Chola inscriptions? 2. List two taxes levied by the Chola rulers. 3. What was kadamai? 4. Who collected these taxes?

Vetti is the most frequently mentioned tax in the Chola inscriptions. Chola rulers levied tax on thatching the house and use of a ladder to climb palm trees. Kadamai was the land revenue. Members of the influential families collected these taxes.

HistoryClass 7All

Read the following passage and answer the questions given below: “Ibn Battuta, a fourteenth-century traveler from Morocco, Africa, explained that chieftains sometimes “fortified themselves in mountains, in rocky, uneven and rugged places as well as in bamboo groves. In India the bamboo is not hollow; it is big. Its several parts are so intertwined that even fire cannot affect them, and they are on the whole very strong. The chieftains live in these forests which serve them as ramparts, inside which are their cattle and their crops. There is also water for them within, that is, rain water which collects there. Hence they cannot be subdued except by powerful armies, who entering these forests, cut down the bamboos with specially prepared instruments.” 1. Who was Ibn Battuta? 2. What information did Ibn Battuta provide regarding the chieftains in India? How did powerful armies subdue these chieftains?

Ibn Battuta was a traveller from Morocco, Africa. He said that sometimes chieftains fortified themselves in mountains, in rocky, uneven and rugged places as well as in bamboo groves. They live in the forests which serve them as ramparts, inside which are their cattle and their crops. The powerful armies enter these forests and cut down bamboos with specially prepared instruments.

HistoryClass 7All

Read the following passage and answer the questions given below: “The idea of the “Three Orders” was first formulated in France in the early eleventh century. It divided society into three classes: those who prayed, those who fought, and those who tilled the land. This division of society into “Three Orders” was supported by the Church to consolidate its dominant role in society. This helped the emergence of a new warrior group called knights.” 1. Where was the idea of the “Three Orders” first formulated? 2. The idea of the “Three Orders” divided the society in how many classes? Who supported the division of society into “Three Orders”?

The idea of “Three Orders” was first formulated in France in the early eleventh century. The idea of “Three Orders” divided society into three classes: those who prayed, those who fought, and those who tilled the land. This division of society into “Three Orders” was supported by the Church to consolidate its dominant role in society.

HistoryClass 7All

1. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below: “Akbar ordered one of his close friends and courtiers, Abul Fazl, to write a history of his reign. Abul Fazl wrote a three volume history of Akbar’s reign titled, Akbar Nama. The first volume dealt with Akbar’s ancestors and the second volume recorded the events of Akbar’s reign. The third volume is the Ain-I Akbari. It deals with Akbar’s administration, household, army, the revenues and geography of his empire. It also provides rich details about the traditions and culture of the people living in India. The most interesting aspect about the Ain-i Akbari is its rich statistical details about things as diverse as crops, yields, prices, wages and revenues.” 1. Who wrote an elaborate description of Akbar’s reign? 2. Which volume deals with Akbar’s ancestors? What is an interesting aspect about Ain-Akbari?

Answer: Abul Fazl wrote a three volume history of Akbar’s reign titled, Akbar Nama. The first volume of the book deals with Akbar’s ancestors. Ain-i Akbari deals with Akbar’s administration, household, traditions and culture of the people, army, the revenues and geography of his empire. But an interesting aspect about the Ain-i Akbari is its rich statistical details about things as diverse as crops, yields, prices, wages and revenues.

HistoryClass 7All

Read the following passage and answer the questions given below: (4 Marks) “From the twelfth century onwards, attempts began in France to build churches that were taller and lighter than earlier buildings. This architectural style, known as Gothic, was distinguished by high pointed arches, the use of stained glass, often painted with scenes drawn from the Bible, and flying buttresses. Tall spires and bell towers which were visible from a distance were added to the church. One of the best-known examples of this architectural style is the church of Notre Dame in Paris, which was constructed through several decades in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.” 1. In which country, the attempts began to build tall and light churches? 1 2. List one example of Gothic architectural style. 1 3. What were the main features of the Gothic architectural style? 2

Answer: From the twelfth century onwards, attempts began in France to build churches that were taller and lighter than earlier buildings. One of the best-known examples of this architectural style is the church of Notre Dame in Paris. Main features of Gothic architectural style were high pointed arches, the use of stained glass, often painted with scenes drawn from the Bible and flying buttresses.

HistoryClass 7All

Read the following passage and answer the questions given below: This is a description of Masulipatnam by William Methwold, a Factor of the English East India Company, in 1620: This is the chief port of Golconda, where the Right Worshipfull East India Company have their Agent. It is a small town but populous, unwalled, ill built and worse situated; within all the springs are brackish. It was first a poor fisher town … afterwards, the convenience of the road (a place where ships can anchor) made it a residence for merchants and so continues since our and the Dutch nation frequented this coast. 1. Where was the town of Masulipatnam located? 2. Why did the English and the Dutch decide to establish settlements in Masulipatnam? 3. Who built the fort at Masulipatnam? 4. How did William Methwold describe Masulipatnam?

Answer: The town of Masulipatnam or Machlipatnam lay on the delta of the Krishna river. Both the Dutch and English East India Companies attempted to control Masulipatnam as it became the most important port on the Andhra coast. The Dutch built the fort at Masulipatnam. William Methwold described Masulipatnam as a small but populous town. It was unwalled, ill built and worse situated. All the springs in the town were brackish.

HistoryClass 7All

1. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below: (4 Marks) “In the fifteenth century European sailors undertook unprecedented explorations of sea routes. They were driven by the desire to find ways of reaching the Indian subcontinent and obtaining spices. Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese sailor, was one of those who sailed across the Atlantic to the African coast, went round it, crossing over to the Indian Ocean. His first journey took more than a year; he reached Calicut in 1498, and returned to Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, the following year. He lost two of his four ships, and of the 170 men at the start of the journey, only 54 survived. In spite of the obvious hazards, the routes that were opened up proved to be extremely profitable – and he was followed by English, Dutch and French sailors.” 1. In the fifteenth century, why did the European sailors undertake unprecedented explorations of sea routes? 2. Which Portuguese sailor reached India in 1498? 3. What were the causalities in this journey? 4. Who followed this Portuguese sailor? Answer:

European sailors undertook unprecedented explorations of sea routes because they were driven by the desire to find ways of reaching the Indian subcontinent and obtaining spices. Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese sailor, reached India in 1498. He lost two of his four ships and of 170 men at the start of the journey and only 54 survived. Vasco da Gama was followed by English, Dutch and French sailors.

HistoryClass 7All

1. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below: Peter Mundy, an English trader who came to India during the early seventeenth century, has described the Banjaras: In the morning we met a tanda of Banjaras with14, 000 oxen. They were all laden with grains such as wheat and rice ...These Banjaras carry their household – wives and children –along with them. One tanda consists of many families. Their way of life is similar to that of carriers who continuously travel from place to place. They own their oxen. They are sometimes hired by merchants, but most commonly they are themselves merchants. They buy grain where it is cheaply available and carry it to places where it is dearer. From there, they again reload their oxen with anything that can be profitably sold in other places … In a tanda there may be as many as 6 or 7 hundred persons … They do not travel more than 6 or 7 miles a day – that, too, in the cool weather. After unloading their oxen, they turn them free to graze as there is enough land here, and no one there to forbid them. 1. Who were banjaras? 2. What was their source of livelihood? Why were Banjaras hired by Sultan Alauddin Khalji?

The Banjaras were the most important trader nomads. Their way of life is similar to that of carriers who continuously travel from place to place. The banjaras were sometimes hired by merchants, but most commonly they were themselves merchants. They bought grain where it was cheaply available and carried it to places where it was dearer. Sultan Alauddin Khalji used the Banjaras to transport grain to the city markets.

HistoryClass 7All

Read the following passage and answer the questions given below: “Find Mongolia in your atlas. The best-known pastoral and hunter-gatherer tribe in history were the Mongols. They inhabited the grasslands (steppes) of Central Asia and the forested areas further north. By 1206 Genghis Khan had united the Mongol and Turkish tribes into a powerful military force. At the time of his death (1227) he was the ruler of extensive territories. His successors created a vast empire. At different points of time, it included parts of Russia, Eastern Europe and also China and much of West Asia. The Mongols had well-organised military and administrative systems. These were based on the support of different ethnic and religious groups.” 1. Who were Mongols? 2. Which areas were inhabited by the Mongols? 3. Who united the Mongol and Turkish tribes into a powerful military force? 4. What was the basis of military and administrative systems of Mongols?

Mongols were the best-known pastoral and hunter-gatherer tribe in history. The Mongols inhabited the grasslands (steppes) of Central Asia and the forested areas further north. By 1206 Genghis Khan had united the Mongol and Turkish tribes into a powerful military force. The basis of military and administrative systems of Mongols was the support of different ethnic and religious groups.

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