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HistoryClass 11CBSE

What was the basis of economic organisation?

The basis of economic organisation was the guild.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

Discuss a few advantages of feudal system.

Advantages of feudal system: It established law and order system. It set up an efficient administrative system. It put a check on the power of the absolute monarch.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

What were the duties of the serfs?

The serfs had to do forced labour. The serfs had to serve in their lord’s army for 40 days in a year.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

Write a few restrictions that were imposed on the serfs.

Following restrictions were imposed on the serfs. The serf can’t leave the estate without the prior permission of their masters or lords. They were prohibited from offering their prayers in the church. They did not enjoy the right of education.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

What was Taille?

Taille was a kind of tax collected by the kings from the peasants.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

What do you know about Friars?

Friars were a group of monks who moved from place to place, preaching to the people and living on earth.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

What was Tithe ?

Tithe was a kind of tax collected by the church from the peasants in France. It was 1/10th of the total produce.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

What do you understand by Labour Rent?

In the estate of the lords, the serfs had to work along with his family members for at least 3 or more days. Income generated from this labour is known as Labour Rent.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

What were the two sections of Third Order?

Two sections of the Third Order were: Free Peasants Serfs

HistoryClass 11CBSE

The clergy was considered to be the most important in medieval European social order. What were the reasons?

Ans. There are a few reasons of this: Clergy enjoyed special status. The clergy had complete control over the social orders of the society. No body could disobey their orders.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

How was western European society divided?

Western European society was divided into three estates. These were: The Clergy The Nobility The Peasantry

HistoryClass 11CBSE

Compare the conditions of life for a French serf and a Roman slave.

French Serfs: They cultivated land that mainly belonged to the lord. Most of the produce from these land was given to the lord. They also had to work that belonged exclusively to the land and were given no wages. They could not leave the estate without the prior permission of their master/lord and could not marry their child according to their wishes. The lord could decide their fate. As a whole their life was full of misery. Roman Slaves: Slavery was in a practice in Roman society. The Roman led a life full of misery. They were forced to work for several hours. They were forced to produce more children, so that when they grew up, they could also made slaves.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

Imagine and describe a day in the life of a craftsman in a medieval French town.

Students are advised to answer this question with the help of their teachers. Following guidelines are given to complete this task: Craftsmen worked under the supervision of guilds. They were skilled persons. Trading guilds controlled and supervised their activities and took great care of their needs.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

What was the function of medieval monasteries?

The functions of medieval monasteries are as follows: It inspired the people to lead a simple life. It also inspired the people to serve the sick and the needy. It also inspired the people to donate for a noble cause.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

Why did knights become a distinct group and when did they decline?

There were frequent localized wars in Europe during 9th century. Soldiers were not enough. Good cavalry was the need of hour. It led to the growing importance of a new section of people, i.e. the knights. They were linked to the lords. The lord gave the knight a piece of land that was called fief. Land of the fief was cultivated by peasants. In lieu of that, the knight paid his lord a regular fee and also promised to fight for him in war. In this way, they became a distinct group. The fall of feudalism was one of the main reasons of the decline of knights during 15th century.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

How did long-term changes in population levels affect economy and society in Europe?

Long-term changes in population levels affected the economy and society: This change brought about a new change in agricultural production. Production reached at its peak. Good quality of goods was also produced. It increased the life expectancy rate. A number of towns came into being. They also became the center of trade and commerce. Society became more advanced and civilized.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

Describe two features of early feudal society in France.

Answer: Two features of early feudal society: Early feudal society in France was based on the relationship of lord and peasants. The peasants had to offer labor in the service of their lords. The lord enjoyed special status. His order was supreme. Nobody could deny his order.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

Who was Pizarro? Discuss his achievements in the Inca region.

Pizarro was a poor and illiterate Spaniard. After joining the army he visited the Caribbean Islands in 1502 CE. Inca kingdom was the land of silver and gold. He made numerous attempts to reach this kingdom from the Pacific. Once, when he came back home, he met the Spanish king. He showed the king beautifully designed gold jars made by Inca workmen. He promised Pizarro if he conquered the Inca lands, he would be made the governor of those lands. Pizarro made a plan to adopt Cortes’s method. Achievements: Atahualpa secured the throne of the Inca empire after a civil war in 1532 A.D. After that Pizarro arrived. He took the king under his possession. The king offered reserves of gold as their ransom for his release. But Pizarro did not deter from his word. He assassinated the king and his soldiers plundered freely. After this, Pizarro occupied the Inca state. The cruelty of the conquerors provoked an uprising in 1534. It continued for two years. In this uprising, thousands of people died in war. In another five years, the Spanish had found vast reserves of silver in Patosi (modem Bolivia).

HistoryClass 11CBSE

The Incas empire was highly centralized with the king representing the highest source of authority. Elaborate.

The Incas empire was centralized. The king was the highest authority. Quechu was the language of the court. Each people spoke Quechu language. A council of elders ruled each tribe independently. The tribe owed its allegiance to the ruler. Regarding population, there is no exact figure. But there were more than a million people in the empire who owed their allegiance to the ruler. The Incas were magnificent builders like the Aztecs. They built roads through mountains from Ecuador to Chile. Their forts were built of stone slabs. They used labour-intensive technology to carve and move stones from nearby rock falls. Many stones weighed more than 100 metric tons, but they did not have any wheeled vehicles. Agriculture was the main occupation of the people. They terraced hillsides and developed systems of drainage and irrigation to overcome the problem of infertility of soil. Cultivation in Andean highlands was much greater than what it is today. The Incas grew maize and potatoes. They were mainly interested in weaving and pottery. They were of high quality. There was an accounting system in place-the Quipu, or cords upon which knots were made to indicate specific mathematical units. It was the opinion of some scholars that the Incas wove a sort of code into these threads. The organisation of the Inca empire had pyramid-like structure. If the Inca chief was captured, the chain of command could quickly come apart. This was precisely what happened when the Spaniards decided to invade their country.

HistoryClass 11CBSE

What do you understand by geographical discoveries? What were the main reasons behind these discoveries?

During this period, a number of geographical discoveries happened. The period from 1490 to 1523 is known as the golden period of geographical discoveries. South and North America were discovered during this period. They were named as the New World. European ships started sailing in the Indian ocean and the Chinese sea. Geographical Discoveries: European people were too much interested in Asia particularly about the Indian goods. Merchants carried their goods to Mediterranean and Black sea through surface route. These goods were sent through sea route from that place. The Turks occupied Turkey and its nearby places by the middle of 15th century. Later on, Asian trade with Europe came to an end. Europeans were not interested in breaking the relations of trade. That is why they made an attempt to explore new routes. Copernicus and Marco Polo sailed across Asia. In their travelogues, they wrote a lot of strange stories. A lot of scientific inventions were done. Copernicus asserted that the earth is round. This improvement in geographical knowledge gave an impetus to travel and explorations. The invention of magnetic compass helped in identifying the cardinal points.

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