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Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Why do we need constitution?

 To provide a framework, within which the government has to work. It demarcates between the powers of different organs of government to minimisethe disputes. It controls the misuse of power by government. To safeguard Fundamental Rights of citizens.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Write the main features of Constitution of India.

 It establishes a sovereign, democratic, republic in India. It establishes a parliamentary form of government (Bi-cameral legislatures). It provides fundamental rights and fundamental duties of the citizens. It establishes a secular state.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

‘India is a union of states’. Justify the statement.

India is a union of states in the following sense: Through the various lists union, state and concurrent lists, the powers have beendistributed between the central and state government. The Constitution of India is a written document consisting the details concerning theunion government and state government.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Mention four ideals to be embodied in the preamble of constitution.

Every citizen of India will have social, political and economic justice. Every citizen will have the liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship. Every citizen will be provided equality of status and opportunity. Fraternity to assure dignity of the individual and integrity of the nation

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Is India a secular state? Why do we need a secular country in modern times?

Yes, India is a secular state because: India has no religion of its own. Under Article 25 to 28, the right to freedom of religion has been granted to all thepersons residing in India.  All persons in India are equally free to progress, practicise or propagate the religionof their own choices.Secular state is must in modern times because: It opposes to intra-religious domination. To value peace, religion and state must be kept separate. It promotes freedom within religions

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

How can we say that the Constitution of India pays equal respect to different communities?

Every community wants to dominate the other community if they are not given an equalrelationship by the state: It was a great challenge before the constitution-makers to foster a sense of equalrespect in the conditions of hierarchy or intense rivalry. India is a land of multiple cultural communities to ensure community-based right tobe mandatory. Hence, fundamental rights of religious communities to establish and run their owneducational institutions as well as to receive money from the government for thesame.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Mention some unique feature of Constitution of India.

 It is the written and lengthiest one to have 395 Articles and 12 schedules. It is federal in form but unitary in spirit. Constitution of India has a provision of six fundamental rights to ensure politicaldemocracy. It has provisions for directive principles of state policy also to ensure socio-economicjustice. It is a blend of flexibility and rigidity both to be amended from time to time. By 42nd amendment 10 fundamental duties have also been inserted.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

What are the main two streams of liberalism of India?

 Raja Ram Mohan Roy emphasized on individual rights especially for women. Swami Vivekanand emphasized on social justice.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Which rights are considered as a part of individual freedom?

 Right to life Equal access to public places Freedom of speech and expressions Freedom of religion and faith

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Do you agree with the statement that “it is not clear why in a poor developing country, certain basic socio-economic rights were relegated to the section on Directive Principles rather than made an integral feature of our Fundamental Rights”? Give reasons for your answer. What do you think are the possible reasons for putting socio-economic rights in the section on Directive Principles?

Directive Principles of state policy focus on the need of an egalitarian society: These principles are complementary to fundamental rights because fundamentalrights ensure the political democracy while these principles aim at social-economicdemocracy. Fundamental rights are justiciable or protected by law where directive principles aremoral values supposed to be followed by the government. Hence, in a poor country, certain basic social-economic rights were inserted indirective principles rather than making it in the fundamental rights. Our country was so poor at that time, when it was not possible to give much pressureon the states for socio-economic moral values. Under Article 37 of Constitution, “It shall be the duty of the state to apply theseprinciples in making laws”. If any government overlooks these, it will lose confidence of people and cannotremain in power.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

One of the limitations of the Constitution of India is that it does not adequately attend to gender justice. What evidence can you give to substantiate this charge? If you were writing the Constitution today, what provisions would you recommend for remedying this limitation?

On the social conditions, there may be very controversial matters which may needcareful revision: Most important issue is gender justice, particularly within the family. Women enjoy unequal rights on property inheritance and children.  Equal pay for equal work for both men and women has been inserted in the directiveprinciples in place of Fundamental Rights.My recommendation: The empowerment of women. To make provisions for inheritance of property in favour of women on equal basis.(Hi) To make provisions for reservations of seats.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Why is it said that the making of the Indian Constitution was unrepresentative? Does that make the Constitution unrepresentative? Give reasons for your answer.

 The Constitution of India was framed in November 1946 through indirect election ofits members by provincial legislatures under the provisions of Cabinet Mission Plan1946. The Assembly consisted of 389 members out of which 292 were to be elected fromthe provinces, 93 were to be nominated from princely states and four memberswere to be nominated from Chief Commissioner’s areas. Each provincial Assembly elected its own members through single transferable votesystem. Due to declaration of partition in June 1947 under Mount batten Plan, thismembership reduced to 299 and finally 28 4 members signed on the constitution on26 November, 1949. On August 15, 1947, the Constituent Assembly functioned as a sovereign entity butit is considered unrepresentative because its members were chosen by restrictedfranchise in place of universal suffrage. But Constituent Assembly included the members from each and every section ofsociety to be represented and on a thorough reading, we may find that no section isuntouched on the various issues and opinions.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

This discussion was taking place in a class. Read the various arguments and state which of these do you agree with and why. Jayesh: I still think that our Constitution is only a borrowed document. Saba: Do you mean to sav that there is nothing Indian in it? But is there such a thing as Indian and western in the case of values and ideas? Take equality between men and women. What is western about it? And even if it is, should we reject it only because it is western? Jayesh: What I mean is that after fighting for independence from the British, did we not adopt their system of parliamentary government? Neha: You forget that when we fought the British, we were not against the British as such, we were against the principle of colonialism. That has nothing to do with adopting a system of government that we wanted, wherever it came from.

 Jayesh senses that there is nothing original in the Constitution of India because manyprovisions have been borrowed from the Constitution of other countries or fromGovernment of India Act, 1935. Saba argues that there are similarity in the case of values and ideas and no differenceis there on equality of men and women. Hence it is not the reason to reject it. Again Jayesh argued not to follow the British policies after independence. Neha countered him that our national movement was not against the British, but itwas against the principle of colonialism. Hence, we may adopt the goodness of anyentity if it suits us.Conclusion-It may be concluded that there is nothing wrong inborrowing the provisions from other countries as per suitability.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Match the following: (a) Freedom to criticize treatment of widows 1. Substantive achievement (b) Taking decisions in the constituent assembly on the basis of reason, not self interest 2. Procedural achievement (c) Accepting importance of community in an individual’s life 3. Neglect of gender justice (d) Article 370 and 371 4. Liberal individualism (e) Unequal rights to women regarding family property and children 5. Attention to requirements of a particular region

(a)—(2)(b)—(1)(c)—(4)(d)—(5)(e)—(3)

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Which of the following principles of secularism are adopted in the Constitution of India? (a) that state will have nothing to do with religion (b) that state will have close relation with religion (c) that state can discriminate among religions (d) that state will recognize rights of religious groups (e) that state will have limited powers to intervene in affairs of religions

(a) that state will have nothing to do with religion(d) that state will recognize rights of religious groups(e) that state will have limited powers to intervene in affairs of religions

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Explain the difference between the Indian Constitution and western ideas in the light of (a) Understanding of secularism. (b) Articles 370 and 371. (c) Affirmative action. (d) Universal adult franchise.

(a) Understanding of secularism: The western ideas of secular states treat religion as a private matter which is notgiven either public or official recognition. In India, all religions are given equal status to be honoured and the state could alsohelp the religious communities in the form of educational aid to institutions run bythem.(b) Article 370 and 371: Unlike the constitutional symmetry of American federalism, Indian federalism hasbeen constitutionally asymmetric. The accession of Jammu and Kashmir was based on the commitment to safeguardits autonomy, which is governed by its own constitution under Article 370. The privileges of special status were accorded to the North-Eastern states underArticle 371(A).(c) Affirmative action: In reference of America, where the constitution was written in 18th century, findsitself unable to be accommodated with the values and standard of 21st century. Whereas the constitution makers of India structured the constitution in such amanner to be amended as per needs and aspirations of society without violating itsbasic structure. Constitution of India is democratic, liberal, secular and federal, etc. to maintain unityand integrity of India.(d) Universal adult franchise: In the western democracies the right to vote has been recently extended to women,but India exercises this from the very beginning without any discrimination.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

The following are different positions about reading and understanding Constituent Assembly debates. (i) Which of these statements argues that Constituent Assembly debates are relevant even today? Which statement says that they are not relevant? (ii) With which of these positions do you agree and why?  Common people are too busy in earning livelihood and meeting different pressures of life. They can’t understand the legal language of these debates.  The conditions and challenges today are different from the time when the Constitution was made. To read the ideas of Constitution makers and use them for our new times is trying to bring past in the present.  Our ways of understanding the world and the present challenges have not changed totally. Constituent Assembly debates can provide us reasons why certain practicesare important. In a period when constitutional practices are being challenged, not knowing the reasons can destroy them.

(i) This statement shows relevancy today.This statement is not relevant today.It states that these are relevant even today.(ii) Yes, I agree because it is necessary to understand and interpret the variousarticleswhich contain a lot of legal terms, not to be easily comprehended.Yes, again I agree because the constitution has been amended more than 100 timestill date.Yes, I agree with this position also because the most important challenges have notbeen changed still.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Which of the options given below cannot be used to complete the following statement? Democratic countries need a constitution to: (i) Check the power of the government. (ii) Protect minorities from majority. (iii) Bring independence from colonial rule. (iv) Ensure that a long-term vision is not lost by momentary passions. (v) Bring social change in peaceful manner.

. (iii) Bring independence from colonial rule.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

The following are certain laws. Are they connected with any value? If yes, then what is the underlying value? Give reasons. (a) Both daughters and sons will have share in the family property. (b) There will be different slabs of sales tax on different consumer items. (c) Religious instructions will not be given in any government school. (d) There shall be no begar or forced labour.

(a) It is connected with the value of ‘social justice’ under the right to equality, no onecan be discriminated on the ground of colour, race, religion or sex, etc.(b) It is based on the principle of utility of different items only, it comes under economicjustice.(c) It is concerned with the secularism.(d) It also refers to social justice, not to be discriminated on any grounds exceptcapability.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

“Universal Adult Franchise is important in a democracy”. Justify the statement

Universal Adult Franchise is important in a democracy for the following reasons: Right to vote is enjoyed by every adult without any discrimination on any ground. Only lunatics, bankrupts, minors or criminals are deprived of right to vote. The age of adulthood differs from country to country, i.e. 18 years in India, 21 yearsin the USA and 23 years in Norway and so on.  Everyone is treated equally. This provides political education to the citizens and develop self-respect.

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