Explain the difference between the Indian Constitution and western ideas in the light of (a) Understanding of secularism. (b) Articles 370 and 371. (c) Affirmative action. (d) Universal adult franchise.

(a) Understanding of secularism:
 The western ideas of secular states treat religion as a private matter which is not
given either public or official recognition.
 In India, all religions are given equal status to be honoured and the state could also
help the religious communities in the form of educational aid to institutions run by
them.
(b) Article 370 and 371:
 Unlike the constitutional symmetry of American federalism, Indian federalism has
been constitutionally asymmetric.
 The accession of Jammu and Kashmir was based on the commitment to safeguard
its autonomy, which is governed by its own constitution under Article 370.
 The privileges of special status were accorded to the North-Eastern states under
Article 371(A).
(c) Affirmative action:
 In reference of America, where the constitution was written in 18th century, finds
itself unable to be accommodated with the values and standard of 21st century.
 Whereas the constitution makers of India structured the constitution in such a
manner to be amended as per needs and aspirations of society without violating its
basic structure.
 Constitution of India is democratic, liberal, secular and federal, etc. to maintain unity
and integrity of India.
(d) Universal adult franchise: In the western democracies the right to vote has been recently extended to women,
but India exercises this from the very beginning without any discrimination.