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Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material? a) Aluminium (b) Cement (c ) Jute (d) Steel

Solution: (a) Aluminium

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants? a) HAIL (b) SAIL (c ) TATA Steel (d) MNCC

Solution: (b) SAIL

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material. a) Aluminium (b) Cement (c ) Sugar (d) Jute

Solution: (b) Cement

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Explain what is referred to as the G-77 countries. In what ways can G-77 be seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins?

Solution: After the Second World War, many parts of the world were still under European colonial rule, and it took over two decades for the colonies in Asia and Africa to become free independent nations. When they became free, they faced many other problems, such as poverty, lack of resources, etc. Economies and societies were handicapped for being under colonial rule for long periods. As colonies, many of the less developed regions of the world had been part of

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Explain the causes of the Great Depression.

Solution: The Great Depression was a result of many factors. Some of them are Agriculture overproduction was a major problem. As a result, agricultural prices fell. As prices fell, so did agricultural incomes. This increased the volume of goods in the market. The situation got worsened in the market. Prices fell further. Farm produce began to rot due to the lack of buyers. Prosperity in the USA during the 1920s created a cycle of higher employmen

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Explain the three types of movements or flows within the international economic exchange. Find one example of each type of flow which involved India and Indians, and write a short account of it.

Solution: The three types of movements or flows within the international economic exchange are trade flows, human capital flows and capital flows or investments. These can be explained as the trade in agricultural products, migration of labour, and financial loans to and from other nations. The flow of trade (trade in goods, e.g. cloth or wheat) India was a hub of trade in the pre-modern world, and it exported textiles and spices in return

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Imagine that you are indentured Indian labour in the Caribbean. Drawing from the details in the chapter, write a letter to your family describing your life and feelings

Solution: Dear Ma and Pa, My work as an indentured labourer in Jamaica is far from a walk in the park. Through this letter, I want to tell you about my life here. When the contractor hired me, he was quite economical with the truth about the living and working conditions. To say nothing of the kind of work and place of work. We have very few rights, with the contractor living up to the behaviour standards expected of them in the Caribbean –

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

What is meant by the Bretton Woods Agreement?

In order to preserve economic stability and full employment in the industrial world, the post-war international economic system was established. To execute the same, the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference was held in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA. The Bretton Woods Conference established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to deal with external surpluses and shortages in its member nations. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (popularly

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Give two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability.

Improved transportation systems: Improved transportation systems helped the food items get delivered on time to the markets without any harm. Faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped move food cheaply and quickly from faraway farms to final markets. Refrigerated ships: The development of refrigerated ships enabled the transport of perishable foods over long distances. Animals were slaughtered for food at the starting point – in America, Australia or New Z

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Write a note to explain the effect of the following: a. The British government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws. b. The coming of rinderpest to Africa. c. The death of men of working age in Europe because of the World War. d. The Great Depression on the Indian economy. e. The decision of MNCs to relocate production to Asian countries.

The British government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws was due to pressure from the landed groups, who were unhappy with the high price of food and the cheap inflow of agricultural products from Australia and America. As a result, many English farmers left their profession and migrated to towns and cities. Some went overseas. This indirectly led to global agriculture and rapid urbanisation, a prerequisite of industrial growth. Rinderpest (a fast-spreading disease of

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas.

Solutions: The global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas. The reason was that the native Americans were not immune to the diseases that the European settlers brought with them. The Europeans were, to a certain extent, immune to the effects of diseases like smallpox due to centuries of exposure. However, the native Americans had no such defence against this disease, as they were isolated from diseases native to the old w

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place in the seventeenth century, choosing one example from Asia and one from the Americas.

Solution: The following are examples of cross-cultural exchanges from Asia and the Americas: The Silk Route (Asia): The Silk Route is a good example of cross-cultural trade and connectivity between distant parts of the world. The name ‘Silk Route’ points to the importance of Westbound Chinese silk cargoes along this route. Trade and cultural exchange always went hand in hand. Early Christian missionaries almost certainly travell

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Explain how the print culture assisted in the growth of nationalism in India.

Solution: Print culture assisted in the growth of nationalism in India in the following ways: By the end of the 19th century, a large number of newspapers in Indian vernacular languages were published, making it easier to circumvent the language barriers among the various ethnic groups of Indians. These newspapers published articles written by national leaders. Their ideas were communicated to the masses through these new

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

What were the effects of the spread of print culture for poor people in nineteenth-century India?

Solution: Public libraries were set up in the early twentieth century, expanding access to books. These libraries were located mostly in cities and towns and, at times, in prosperous villages. For rich local patrons, setting up a library was a way of acquiring prestige. From the late nineteenth century, issues of caste discrimination were written about in many printed tracts and essays. Jyotiba Phule, the Maratha pioneer of &lsquo

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Why did some people fear the effect of easily available printed books? Choose one example from Europe and one from India.

Solution: Some people, especially from the upper class, feared the effect of easily available printed books due to the spread of literacy among the common people. They feared that they might lose their position or authorities. Some people thought that it might lead to the spread of rebellions and irreligious thoughts. Example: (i) In Europe, the Roman Catholic Church tried to curb printed books through the Index of Prohibited Books. (

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Why did some people in the eighteenth century Europe think that culture would bring enlightenment and end despotism?

With the spreading of new ideas after the coming of print culture, the ideas of scientists and philosophers became more accessible to the common people. Ancient and medieval scientific texts were compiled and published. Books as a medium of progress by the eighteenth century: Books became a medium of spreading progress and enlightenment, which could change society and the world. It was also believed that the books could liberate society from despotism

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

What did the spread of print culture in the nineteenth century India mean to: a. Women b. The poor c. Reformers

Solution: (a) Women: Women became as important as readers and writers. Reading habits improved among them. With an increase in literacy, women took a great interest in reading and writing. Many journals started emphasizing the importance of women’s education. Many magazines and books were especially published for women. The print culture gave women some amount of freedom to read and develop their own views on various issues, especially those related to women.

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Write short notes on what you know about: a. The Gutenberg Press b. Erasmus’s idea of the printed book c. The Vernacular Press Act

Solution: (a) The Gutenberg Press was the first printing press of Europe. It was invented by Johannes Gutenberg of Strasbourg. He grew up in a large agricultural estate and had knowledge and experience in operating olive and wine presses. He invented the printing press around the year 1448, with the Bible being the first book to be printed. (b) Erasmus, the Latin scholar, was not happy with the printing of books because he was afraid that this would lead

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Give reason for the following: a. Woodblock print only came to Europe after 1295. b. Martin Luther was in favour of print and spoke out in praise of it. c. The Roman Catholic Church began keeping an Index of prohibited books from the mid-sixteenth century d. Gandhi said the fight for Swaraj is a fight for the liberty of speech, liberty of the press, and freedom of association.

Solution: (a) Marco Polo, the Italian explorer, visited China and learnt the technology of woodblock printing. When he returned to Italy in 1295, he brought this knowledge back with him. Gradually this knowledge spread from Italy to other parts of Europe. (b) In 1517, Martin Luther, the religious reformer, wrote ninety-five theses that criticised the corrupt practices of the Catholic Church and pasted these on the church door in Wittenberg. Very soon, tho

Social StudiesClass 10CBSE

Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?

It was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro. The people of the region were broadly known as Slavs. A large part was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. Gradually, independence was declared from them. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans, together with disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, made this

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