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Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

In the storyboard, you read about how Helen hopes to make a movie on the Adivasi story. Can you help her by developing a short story on Adivasis?

Answer: Students have to do this by themselves.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Imagine that you are watching the Republic Day parade on TV with a friend, and she remarks, “Look at these tribal people. They look so exotic. And they seem to be dancing all the time.” List three things that you would tell her about the lives of Adivasis in India.

Answer: Adivasis have a deep knowledge of forests. They were hunters and gatherers and lived like nomads. They practised shifting agriculture and also cultivated in a single place. Their deep knowledge of forests made them indispensable to the rulers of various empires during the pre-colonial period in India. They have their own language and have influenced the formation of various Indian languages, Bengali being one of them.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

You are participating in a debate where you have to provide reasons to support the following statement: ‘Muslims are a marginalised community.’ Using the data provided in this chapter, list two reasons that you would give.

Answer: As per the data provided in the chapter, the literacy rate of the Muslim population in India is only 59%, which is the lowest compared to 65% among Hindus, 70% among Sikhs, 73% among Buddhists, 80% among Christians, and 94% among Jains. Also, only 3% of Muslims represent the esteemed Indian Administrative Service Cadre. The above statistics support that Muslims are a marginalised community in India.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Re-read the section on Minorities and Marginalisation. What do you understand by the term minority?

Answer: A minority is a community that is numerically small in relation to the rest of the population. A particular religious section which has a low percentage in population compared to the major religious community is called a minority. The Constitution of India provides safeguards to linguistical and religious minorities as a part of its fundamental rights and ensures that minorities do not face any disadvantage or discrimination. In India, Christ

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Write one reason why you think the Constitution’s safeguards to protect minority communities are very important.

Answer: The safeguards to protect minority communities are necessary because the majority community may culturally dominate the minority communities, and the minority communities might become marginalised.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

List two reasons why Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalised.

Answer: Adivasis are being increasingly marginalised for the following two reasons: Changes in forest laws have deprived the Adivasis of access to forest produce. The construction of factories and other projects in tribal areas have forced many tribal people to migrate to other places in search of a livelihood.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Write in your own words two or more sentences of what you understand by the word ‘marginalisation’.

Answer: A social process of being confined to lower social standing is marginalisation. It involves people being denied their fundamental rights, which results in lowering their social and economic status. It is a situation when a particular social group is forced to live on the fringes rather than in the mainstream. A marginalised section of society does not get opportunities for social and economic development.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

The column on the left lists some of the key features of the Indian Constitution. In the other columns, write two sentences, in your own words, on why you think this feature is important.

Key Feature Significance Federalism It is important because, in a country like India, there are people living at different levels, and only one level of government cannot govern them. Hence, forming a government for the different levels is important. The Panchayati Raj is responsible for governing the village, the state govern

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

(d) In a class of 50 students, 40 belong to more well-off families.

Answer: In this case, the minority are the 10 students who do not belong to well-off families. It is important to keep their viewpoints in mind because they may not be able to contribute to the various expenses required by the school and they should not feel humiliated for the same.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

(c) In a factory mess for all employees, 80 per cent are vegetarians.

Answer: The minority here are the 20 per cent of non-vegetarians having food at the factory mess. It is important that the food prepared in the factory mess must be prepared for both vegetarians and non-vegetarians.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

(b) In a city, 5 per cent of the population are Buddhists.

Answer: Here, the minority is the 5 per cent Buddhist population in the city. Their views should be respected. Just because they are in the minority with different religious beliefs, they should not be disrespected. Any decision should be taken keeping in mind the religious feelings of the Buddhist population.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

In each of the following situations, identify the minority. Write one reason why you think it is important to respect the views of the minority in each of these situations.(a) In a school with 30 teachers, 20 of them are male.

Answer: The minority here are the 10 female teachers teaching in the school. It is important to keep the point of view of the female teachers in mind because despite being a minority, their opinions are of great importance, and no decision made keeping the majority views in mind should cause discomfort for the female teachers.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

What would happen if there were no restrictions on the power of elected representatives?

Answer: In a democracy, the citizens of the country are responsible for electing their leaders. However, there is always a possibility that the leaders might misuse their authority and use it for the wrong purposes. Hence, the constitution has provided measures to safeguard the country against such misuse of powers.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

What is the difference in who exercises ‘Executive Power’ in the above two Constitutions of Nepal?

Answer: In Article 35 of the 1990 Constitution of Nepal, the power to rule the country, to set rules and to manage the country are all vested in the King of the country and the Ministers appointed under him. However, Article 75 of the 2015 Constitution of Nepal states that the rules, governance and management of the country will be based on the laws mentioned in the Constitution of the country under the supervision of the Ministers.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Look at the wordings of the two documents given below. The first column is from the 1990 Nepal Constitution. The second column is from the more recent Constitution of Nepal.

1990 Constitution of Nepal Part 7: Executive 2015 Constitution of Nepal Part 7: Federal Executive Article 35: Executive Power: The executive power of the Kingdom of Nepal shall be vested in his Majesty and the Council of Ministers Article 75: Executive Power: The Executive Power of Nepal shall, pursuant to this Constit

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Why does a democratic country need a Constitution?

Answer: There are various reasons why a democratic country needs a Constitution. The basic ideals on the basis of which we as citizens aspire to live in our country are mentioned in the Constitution. It tells the fundamental nature of society To define the nature of the political system of the country. It states a set of rules based on which people belonging to different religions and communities can peacefully co-exist with e

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Why do Adivasi activists, including C.K. Janu, believe that Adivasis can also use this 1989 Act to fight against dispossession? Is there anything specific in the provisions of the Act that allows her to believe this?

Answer The Adivasi activists, including C.K. Janu, believe that Adivasis can use the 1989 Act to fight against dispossession because this Act guarantees the tribals the right not to be dispossessed from the land resources forcibly. They specifically pointed out that this Act merely confirms what has already been promised to the tribal people in the Constitution – the land owned by any tribal people cannot be sold to or bought by non-tribal people. In cases where this has ha

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Re-read the story on Rathnam as well as the provisions of the 1989 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act. Now list one reason why you think he used this law to file a complaint.

Answer The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes Prevention of Atrocities Act, 1989 seeks to punish those who humiliate or ill-treat the members of dalit or tribal groups. Rathnam sought the support of the law, filing his complaint under the above Act to seek protection against the domination and violence of the powerful castes in his village.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

List two Fundamental Rights in the Constitution that Dalits can draw upon to insist that they be treated with dignity and as equals. Re-read the Fundamental Rights listed on page 14 to help you answer this question.

Answer The two fundamental rights that Dalits can draw upon to insist that they be treated with dignity and as equals are as follows: Right to Equality: All persons are equal before the law. No citizen can be discriminated against on the basis of his or her socioeconomic background, caste, religion, etc. Every person has equal right of access to all public places. Cultural and Educational Rights: This includes the right t

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

How was environment treated earlier? What has been the change in perception? Discuss.

Answer: The environment was treated as a ‘free’ entity and any industry or individual could pollute the environment without any restrictions. There were very few laws to protect and conserve the environment in India. The government also paid no attention to safeguarding the environment. Now, there has been a change in perception. The government has introduced various laws to protect and conserve the environment, such as Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.

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