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Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Write in your own words two or more sentences of what you understand by the word ‘marginalisation’.

Answer: A social process of being confined to lower social standing is marginalisation. It involves people being denied their fundamental rights, which results in lowering their social and economic status. It is a situation when a particular social group is forced to live on the fringes rather than in the mainstream. A marginalised section of society does not get opportunities for social and economic development.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

The column on the left lists some of the key features of the Indian Constitution. In the other columns, write two sentences, in your own words, on why you think this feature is important.

Key Feature Significance Federalism It is important because, in a country like India, there are people living at different levels, and only one level of government cannot govern them. Hence, forming a government for the different levels is important. The Panchayati Raj is responsible for governing the village, the state government is responsible for governing the state, and the Central Government is responsible for governing the entire country. Separation of Powers There are three organs of governance: legislature, executive and judiciary. Each of these organs has different powers and serves different functions. In order to prevent the misuse of power by any one branch of government, the Constitution says that each of these organs should exercise different powers. Fundamental Rights Fundamental Rights are a set of rights that the Constitution offers to every citizen of the country. These rights include the Right to Freedom, the Right to Equality, the Right against Exploitation, the Right to Freedom of Religion, Cultural and Educational Rights and the Right to Constitutional Remedies. These rights give every citizen of the country the right to be considered equal, not to get discriminated based on caste, culture or religion, to get equal educational opportunities and to be equal in front of the law. Parliamentary Form of Government A democratic government is one where the citizens of the country have the right to elect their representatives. When the Constitution was being made, it was made sure that every citizen of the country, irrespective of caste, colour, creed and religion, would have the right to elect their leaders under universal adult suffrage, i.e., where the right to vote will b

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

(d) In a class of 50 students, 40 belong to more well-off families.

Answer: In this case, the minority are the 10 students who do not belong to well-off families. It is important to keep their viewpoints in mind because they may not be able to contribute to the various expenses required by the school and they should not feel humiliated for the same.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

(c) In a factory mess for all employees, 80 per cent are vegetarians.

Answer: The minority here are the 20 per cent of non-vegetarians having food at the factory mess. It is important that the food prepared in the factory mess must be prepared for both vegetarians and non-vegetarians.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

(b) In a city, 5 per cent of the population are Buddhists.

Answer: Here, the minority is the 5 per cent Buddhist population in the city. Their views should be respected. Just because they are in the minority with different religious beliefs, they should not be disrespected. Any decision should be taken keeping in mind the religious feelings of the Buddhist population.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

In each of the following situations, identify the minority. Write one reason why you think it is important to respect the views of the minority in each of these situations.(a) In a school with 30 teachers, 20 of them are male.

Answer: The minority here are the 10 female teachers teaching in the school. It is important to keep the point of view of the female teachers in mind because despite being a minority, their opinions are of great importance, and no decision made keeping the majority views in mind should cause discomfort for the female teachers.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

What would happen if there were no restrictions on the power of elected representatives?

Answer: In a democracy, the citizens of the country are responsible for electing their leaders. However, there is always a possibility that the leaders might misuse their authority and use it for the wrong purposes. Hence, the constitution has provided measures to safeguard the country against such misuse of powers.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

What is the difference in who exercises ‘Executive Power’ in the above two Constitutions of Nepal?

Answer: In Article 35 of the 1990 Constitution of Nepal, the power to rule the country, to set rules and to manage the country are all vested in the King of the country and the Ministers appointed under him. However, Article 75 of the 2015 Constitution of Nepal states that the rules, governance and management of the country will be based on the laws mentioned in the Constitution of the country under the supervision of the Ministers.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Look at the wordings of the two documents given below. The first column is from the 1990 Nepal Constitution. The second column is from the more recent Constitution of Nepal.

1990 Constitution of Nepal Part 7: Executive 2015 Constitution of Nepal Part 7: Federal Executive Article 35: Executive Power: The executive power of the Kingdom of Nepal shall be vested in his Majesty and the Council of Ministers Article 75: Executive Power: The Executive Power of Nepal shall, pursuant to this Constitution and law, be vested in the Council of Ministers

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Why does a democratic country need a Constitution?

Answer: There are various reasons why a democratic country needs a Constitution. The basic ideals on the basis of which we as citizens aspire to live in our country are mentioned in the Constitution. It tells the fundamental nature of society To define the nature of the political system of the country. It states a set of rules based on which people belonging to different religions and communities can peacefully co-exist with each other.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Why do Adivasi activists, including C.K. Janu, believe that Adivasis can also use this 1989 Act to fight against dispossession? Is there anything specific in the provisions of the Act that allows her to believe this?

Answer The Adivasi activists, including C.K. Janu, believe that Adivasis can use the 1989 Act to fight against dispossession because this Act guarantees the tribals the right not to be dispossessed from the land resources forcibly. They specifically pointed out that this Act merely confirms what has already been promised to the tribal people in the Constitution – the land owned by any tribal people cannot be sold to or bought by non-tribal people. In cases where this has happened, the Constitution also guarantees the right of the tribal people to repossess their land.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Re-read the story on Rathnam as well as the provisions of the 1989 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act. Now list one reason why you think he used this law to file a complaint.

Answer The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes Prevention of Atrocities Act, 1989 seeks to punish those who humiliate or ill-treat the members of dalit or tribal groups. Rathnam sought the support of the law, filing his complaint under the above Act to seek protection against the domination and violence of the powerful castes in his village.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

List two Fundamental Rights in the Constitution that Dalits can draw upon to insist that they be treated with dignity and as equals. Re-read the Fundamental Rights listed on page 14 to help you answer this question.

Answer The two fundamental rights that Dalits can draw upon to insist that they be treated with dignity and as equals are as follows: Right to Equality: All persons are equal before the law. No citizen can be discriminated against on the basis of his or her socioeconomic background, caste, religion, etc. Every person has equal right of access to all public places. Cultural and Educational Rights: This includes the right to protect the culture language etc of different ethnic groups while at the same time allowing for access of education without any discrimination.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

How was environment treated earlier? What has been the change in perception? Discuss.

Answer: The environment was treated as a ‘free’ entity and any industry or individual could pollute the environment without any restrictions. There were very few laws to protect and conserve the environment in India. The government also paid no attention to safeguarding the environment. Now, there has been a change in perception. The government has introduced various laws to protect and conserve the environment, such as Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. The courts have given out a number of judgments upholding the right to a healthy environment as intrinsic to the fundamental right to life. Various laws and procedures to check pollution and clean rivers have been formed. The government can also impose a fine on those who pollute our precious environment.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

What are the sources of environmental pollution in your area? Discuss with respect to (a) air; (b) water and (c) soil. What are the steps being taken to reduce pollution? Can you suggest some other measures?

Answer: The various sources of environmental pollution in our area are as follows: (a) Smoke from factories and vehicles that run on petrol or diesel is the main reason behind air pollution. (b) The main cause of water pollution is chemical fertilizers and garbage from factories, farms and houses. (c) Soil is polluted by the pesticides and fertilisers that are used to grow crops or by garbage dumped by human or by factory waste. Steps taken to reduce pollution are listed below: Various laws have been enforced to keep a check on environmental pollution. Promotion of CNG vehicles to reduce air pollution. Strict actions against companies who violate environmental laws. No rules or laws can help make our environment clean and free of pollution until and unless every individual in society takes responsibility on their part to keep their environment clean. Only voluntary actions can make our environment pollution free.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Write a paragraph on the various roles of the government that you have read about in this unit.

Answer: The government plays the following roles: Providing public facilities like healthcare, sanitation and water supply ensures that these are not overtaken by private enterprises. Enforcing the laws against child labour. Fixing minimum wages for workers and revising it from time to time. Enforcing laws regarding safety at the workplace. Enforcing laws regarding the safety of the environment. Protecting the interests of consumers against overpricing and standard products. Punishing organisations which do not follow policies to protect the environment against pollution.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Imagine yourself to be a worker working in a chemical factory, which has received orders from the government to move to a different site 100 kms away from the present location. Write about how your life would change? Read out your responses in the classroom.

Students should do this exercise with the help of the teacher

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

How can laws ensure that markets work in a manner that is fair? Give two examples to support your answer.

Answer: Laws ensure that markets work in a fair manner by protecting the people from unfair practices. The two examples are – Child Labour Prevention Act: This law states that no child below the age of 14 years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engage in any other hazardous employment. Right against Exploitation: This law states that no one can be forced to work for low wages or under bondage. The government has also passed laws to make sure that essential products such as kerosene, food grain, sugar, etc., are not highly-priced. It is imperative to impose such restrictions on people who are marketing these types of products so that people of low economic strata can afford these goods.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

What do we mean when we speak of law enforcement? Who is responsible for enforcement? Why is enforcement so important?

Answer: Law enforcement means the implementation of law. Government is responsible for enforcement. Enforcement is important when the law seeks to protect the people belonging to the weaker sections from those who are strong and powerful. Enforcement is important to ensure that every worker gets fair wages. When workers are poor or powerless, the fear of losing future earnings or facing reprisals forces them to accept low wages. Employers use this as a tool to pay workers less than a fair wage. In such cases, it is crucial that the laws are enforced.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Do you think the victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy got justice? Discuss.

Answer: The victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy got some monetary compensation but not justice. It was caused due to gross neglect of safety measures by the factory management. The government represented the people to claim compensation for affected ones. The government demanded 3 billion dollars as compensation, of which the company compensated only 470 million dollars. Today, after so many tears shed due to the tragedy, there are still people seeking justice. So many victims still fail to avail safe drinking water, healthcare facilities and jobs. Many people who were maimed for life have no use for the compensation money. Hence, it can be said that the victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy did not get justice.

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