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Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Why did James Mill and Thomas Macaulay think that European education was essential in India?

James Mill and Thomas Macaulay felt that the knowledge of English would allow Indians to read some of the finest literature that the world had produced; it would make them aware of the developments in Western science and philosophy. The teaching of English could thus be a way of ‘civilising’ people, changing their tastes, values and culture. They also felt that the aim of education should be to teach what was useful and practical. So, Indians should be made familiar with the scien

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Why did William Jones feel the need to study Indian history, philosophy and law?

William Jones shared a deep respect for ancient cultures, both India and the West. Indian civilisation, he felt, had attained its glory in the ancient past but had subsequently declined. In order to understand India, it was necessary to discover the sacred and legal texts that were produced in the ancient period. Only those texts could reveal the real ideas and laws of the Hindus and Muslims. William Jones believed that only a new study of these texts could form the basis of future developmen

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

State whether true or false: (a) James Mill was a severe critic of the Orientalists. (b) The 1854 despatch on education was in favour of English being introduced as a medium of higher education in India. (c) Mahatma Gandhi thought that the promotion of literacy was the most important aim of education. (d) Rabindranath Tagore felt that children ought to be subjected to strict discipline.

Answer. (a) True (b) True (c) False (d) False

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Match the following: William Jones Promotion of English education Rabindranath Tagore Respect for ancient cultures Thomas Macaulay Gurus Mahatma Gandhi Learning in a natural environment Pathshalas Critical of English education

Answer. William Jones Respect for ancient cultures Rabindranath Tagore Learning in a natural environment Thomas Macaulay Promotion of English education Mahatma Gandhi Critical of English education Pathshalas</p

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Why were Jyoti Rao Phule and Ramaswamy Naicker critical of the national movement? Did their criticism help the national struggle in any way?

Jyoti Rao Phule and Ramaswamy Naicker both were critical of the national movement, as they thought that there were no differences between anti-colonialists and colonialists. Phule thought that the upper-caste people who wanted to fight against the British would want to rule once the British left. Phule was always against the upper caste people, as he called them the &lsquo;outsiders.&rsquo; Naicker was a part of the Congress party, and his experiences led him

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

What did Ambedkar want to achieve through the temple entry movement?

n 1927, Ambedkar started a temple entry movement, in which his Mahar caste followers participated. Brahman priests were outraged when the Dalits used water from the temple tank. His aim was to make everyone see the power of caste prejudices within society.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Why did Phule dedicate his book Gulamgiri to the American movement to free slaves?

Jyotirao Phule wrote his book, &lsquo;Gulamgiri&rsquo; in 1873. The title of the book means &lsquo;Slavery.&rsquo; From 1861 to 1865, the American Civil war was being fought. The Civil War began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people. Phule dedicated his book to all those Americans who had fought to free slaves, thus establishing a link between the conditions of the &ldquo;lower&rdquo; castes in India and the black slaves in America

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

How did Jyotirao, the reformer, justify his criticism of caste inequality in society?

Jyotirao Phule, who stood against caste inequality, believed that the upper castes being &lsquo;Aryans&rsquo;, were not the original inhabitants of their lands. He put forward his opinions by telling people that the land has always belonged to the lower-caste people and that the Aryans were outsiders. He looked forward to the golden age when lower-caste people would live peacefully without the intrusion of upper castes.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

In the British period, what new opportunities opened up for people who came from castes that were regarded as “low”?

The poor from the villages and small towns, many of them from low castes, began moving to the cities where there was a new demand for labour. Some also went to work in plantations in Assam, Mauritius, Trinidad and Indonesia. The poor and the people from low castes saw this as an opportunity to get away from the oppressive hold that upper-caste landowners exercised over their lives and the daily humiliation they suffered.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Why were Christian missionaries attacked by many people in the country? Would some people have supported them too? If so, for what reasons?

The Christian missionaries were attacked by the people, as they were involved in the religious conversion of poor and tribal people, that is, converting a Hindu into a Christian. These missionaries also set up schools for tribal and poor kids to learn. However, the larger section of people who looked down upon the poor people and tribal people did not like the idea of exposing tribal people to education. Hence, the attacks on Christian missionaries started.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

What were the different reasons people had for not sending girls to school?

There were the following reasons for people not sending their girls to school: They feared that schools would take girls away from home. Schools will prevent them from doing their domestic duties. Girls had to travel through public places in order to reach school. Travelling to schools would have a corrupting influence on them. They felt that

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

How did the knowledge of ancient texts help the reformers promote new laws?

Ram Mohan Roy was well-versed in Sanskrit, Persian and several other Indian and European languages. He tried to show through his writings that the practice of widow burning had no sanction in ancient texts. The strategy adopted by Ram Mohan Roy was used by later reformers as well. Whenever they wished to challenge a practice that seemed harmful, they tried to find a verse or sentence in the ancient sacred texts that supported their point of view. They then suggested that the practice,

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

State whether true or false: (a) When the British captured Bengal they framed many new laws to regulate the rules regarding marriage, adoption, the inheritance of property, etc. (b) Social reformers had to discard the ancient texts in order to argue for reform in social practices. (c) Reformers got full support from all sections of the people of the country. (d) The Child Marriage Restraint Act was passed in 1829.

Answer. (a) True (b) False (c) False (d) False

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

What social ideas did the following people support? a. Rammohun Roy b. Dayanand Saraswati c. Veerasalingam Pantulu d. Jyotirao Phule e. Pandita Ramabai f. Periyar g. Mumtaz Ali h. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

Answer. Rammohun Roy &ndash; Ban of Sati Dayanand Saraswati &ndash; Widow Remarriage Veerasalingam Pantulu &ndash; Widow Remarriage Jyotirao Phule &ndash; Equality amongst castes Pandita Ramabai &ndash; Women&rsquo;s education Periyar &ndash; Equality for untouchables Mumtaz Ali &ndash;

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

In what ways did the British change their policies as a result of the rebellion of 1857?

After the revolt of 1857, the British Crown directly took over the Indian administration. The powers of the East India Company were transferred to the Crown. The following changes were made: Doctrine of Lapse policy was abolished The number of Indian sepoys was reduced in the army so that in future, they would not be able to rebel against the British Zamindars&rsquo; and landowners&rsquo; rights were further enhanced The Crown promised that it woul

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

How did the British succeed in securing the submission of the rebel landowners of Awadh?

The British followed a two-pronged approach to suppress the rebel landowners of Awadh. They are as follows: The first approach was to hang the rebel landowners who had killed British personnel in order to threaten the people of Awadh by showing them the consequences of any revolts in future. The second approach was to reward the loyal landowners of Awadh. The British stated that if the landowners had not killed any British personnel and if they agreed to submit before

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

What impact did Bahadur Shah Zafar’s support for the rebellion have on the people and the ruling families?

Aurangzeb was considered the last strong and powerful Mughal ruler of India. After his death, the Mughal rulers had only a symbolic presence. But Mughal rulers still had their influence over small chiefs and rulers across the country. The revolt of 1857 started only when Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last ruler of the Mughals, gave his permission. His support for the revolt made leaders from various places become confident about opposing the British. Zafar asked all the leaders to form a confederac

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

What could be the reasons for the confidence of the British rulers about their position in India before May 1857?

The British became confident about their position in India because of the following reasons: The Mughal rulers, after the death of Aurangzeb, were not strong and powerful. Hence, it was easier for the British to annex states. The disunity between nawabs and the Mughal rulers helped the British have a firm stronghold over Indian society, starting from Bengal. The policies, like Subsidiary Alliance, helped the British annexe territories one after another, with

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

How did the last Mughal emperor live the last years of his life?

The last Mughal emperor was Bahadur Shah Zafar. His title as the Mughal emperor was a symbolic one. After the death of Aurangzeb, the Mughal rulers lost their power and held only a symbolic stature. Zafar was also the symbolic head of the 1857 revolt. However, once the revolt was crushed, Bahadur Shah Zafar was tried in court. He was blinded by the British and was imprisoned. Later in 1858, he, along with his wife, was sent to Rangoon, where he died in 1862.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

What objections did the sepoys have to the new cartridges that they were asked to use?

The new cartridges were unacceptable to the Indian sepoys, as they held the belief that these had been coated by the fat of cows and pigs. The sepoys had to bite the cartridges to load them. But their religion did not allow them even to touch these cartridges. Hence, they refused to use the new cartridges.

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