What is the theory of realism?
GeneralClass 10CBSEAnswered 25 May 2026
Answer
Realism is a theory in international relations that argues the world is governed by power, self-interest, and competition between states not by law, morality, or cooperation.
Core assumptions:
- States are the primary actors not individuals, international organizations, or corporations
- The international system is anarchic no world government exists; states must rely on themselves (self-help)
- States are rational actors pursuing national interests primarily survival and security
- Power is the main currency especially military and economic power
- Conflict is inevitable states compete for limited resources and security
Major variants:
| Variant | Key Thinker | Core Idea |
|---|---|---|
| Classical realism | Hans Morgenthau | Human nature is power-seeking; states reflect this |
| Structural realism / Neorealism | Kenneth Waltz | Anarchy of the international system forces competitive behavior |
| Offensive realism | John Mearsheimer | States seek maximum power to ensure survival |
| Defensive realism | — | States seek just enough power to be secure |
Real-world examples: Cold War arms race, balance of power alliances, USA-China great power competition
Criticisms: Ignores international institutions (UN, WTO), overlooks how economic interdependence reduces war incentives, cannot explain peaceful integration (EU)
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