1. Explain the given reactions with the examples (a) Hydrogenation reaction (b) Oxidation reaction (c) Substitution reaction (d) Saponification reaction (e) Combustion reaction

1. Addition of Hydrogen to unsaturated Hydrocarbons to convert into saturated Hydrocarbons is called as Hydrogenation. This process is used in the conversion of unsaturated vegetable oil into saturated fats.

R₂C+CR+H₂ Ni R₂C-CR₂

H H

1. When oxygen is added to alcohol to form carboxylic acid the process is known as

Ex: CH₃CH₂CH₂OH Alk KMnO₄/ acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ CH₃CH₂COOH

1. Saturated hydrocarbons are fairly But in the presence of sunlight chlorine substitutes Hydrogen one by one.

Ex: CH4+Cl2 CH3Cl+HCl( In presence of sunlight)

1. When Ester is treated with alkali, the reaction gives ethanol and Sodium This reaction is called saponification.

Ex: CH₃COOC₂H₅+NaOH CH₃COONa+C₂H₅OH

1. Combustion is the burning of a substance in presence of Ex: CH4+O2 CO2+H2O+ heat and Light