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Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Who were the Moderates? How did they propose to struggle against British rule?

The Moderate leaders wanted to develop public awareness about the unjust nature of British rule. They published newspapers, wrote articles and showed how British rule was leading to the economic ruin of the country. They criticised British rule in their speeches and sent representatives to different parts of the country to mobilise public support. They felt that the British had respect for the ideals of freedom and justice and so would accept the just demands of Indians. What was necessary, therefore, was to express these demands and make the government aware of the feelings of Indians.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

What did the Muslim League resolution of 1940 ask for?

In 1940 the Muslim League had moved a resolution demanding “Independent States” for Muslims in the north-western and eastern areas of the country. The resolution did not mention partition or Pakistan.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

What economic impact did the First World War have on India?

The First World War altered the economic and political situation in India. It led to a huge rise in the defence expenditure of the Government of India. The government, in turn, increased taxes on individual incomes and business profits. Increased military expenditure and the demands for war supplies led to a sharp rise in prices, which created great difficulties for the common people. On the other hand, business groups reaped fabulous profits from the war. The first world war caused a decline in imports from other countries into India.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Who did the Indian National Congress wish to speak for?

The Congress was composed of the representatives, not of any one class or community of India, but of all the different communities of India. Hence, the party wished to speak for the masses in the fight for freedom.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Why were people dissatisfied with British rule in the 1870s and 1880s?

People were dissatisfied with British rule because of the following reasons: British were exercising control over the resources of India British were attempting to control the lives of its people and until this control ended, India could not be for Indians. The Arms Act was passed in 1878, disallowing Indians from possessing arms. The Vernacular Press Act was also enacted in 1879, in an effort to silence those who were critical of the government. In 1883, there was a furor over the attempt by the government to introduce the Ilbert Bill. The bill provided for the trial of British or European persons by Indians, and sought equality between British and Indian judges in the country.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

How will the information historians get from old newspapers be different from that found in police reports?

Answer. The nature of the information that historians get from old newspapers and police reports can be entirely different. Typically, a historian collects information from a wide variety of sources that includes both official and unofficial documents. The police report comes from an administrative viewpoint, and the types of details that we can obtain from them are often restricted. A police report is strictly confined to the procedures and is concerned with record-keeping, rather than building a narrative. Journalism and reporting tools follow a different approach that might bring out the finer details about an event or a happening. Often police reports might oversee or neglect information that does not directly serve the function of law enforcement. Being a mass media, newspapers provide more backdrop, context and elaborate descriptions. But the relative merits and accuracy of a piece of information from any source can only be determined after proper research and investigation. To get a balanced and clearer picture of a period in history, historians often go through as many sources as possible, while keeping in mind the biases and interests that could be behind them.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

. Why did the British preserve official documents?

The British preserved official documents because they thought if they wrote and recorded everything, it would later be easier for them to study them and debate. They kept official records of what they thought was right so that in the future, those records could serve as proof of all the decisions that they had taken.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

What is the problem with the periodisation of Indian history that James Mill offers?

The problem with the periodisation of Indian History that James Mill offers is the superiority of the British shown over Hindus and Muslims. James Mill has divided Indian History into three periods – Hindu, Muslim and British, claiming that it was necessary to introduce European manners, arts, institutions and laws in India. James Mill’s views have several defects given below: He thought that all Asian societies were at a lower level of civilisation when compared to Europe. According to his telling of history, before the British came to India, Hindu and Muslim despots ruled the country. Religious intolerance, caste taboos and superstitious practices dominated social life before the British came to India

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

State whether true or false: (a) James Mill divided Indian history into three periods – Hindu, Muslim, Christian. (b) Official documents help us understand what the people of the country think. (c) The British thought surveys were important for effective administration.

Answer. (a) False (b) False (c) True

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Describe the changes that occurred in the composition of the Company’s army.

The army of EIC was known as Sepoy Army. The main participants of the army were the peasants of India, trained by the EIC to become professional soldiers. The major change in the EIC army was the domination of infantry over cavalry with the introduction of muskets, matchlocks to guard them. The company also introduced a uniform military culture where soldiers were given European training through drills and other exercises.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

In what way was the administration of the Company different from that of Indian rulers?

The difference in the administration of the company and that of the Indian rulers is given below: Company Administration Indian Rulers Administration The company divided the territories into presidencies Indian rulers divided the territories into district, pargana, tehsil and parishad Governor ruled the administrative units Zamindar or Peasants were responsible for their units Governor-General was the head of the state King or Nawab was the head of the state The introduction of several acts: Regulating Act Indian Council Acts Montague-Chelmsford Reforms Indian rulers brought no such acts but used to rule with their farmans.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Explain the system of “subsidiary alliance”.

The system of the subsidiary alliance made Indian rulers let go of their armed forces and come under the protection of the East India Company. The following changes occurred when this system came into being: The East India Company became the guardian of the territories that it took under the alliance An English resident, who served as the EIC’s personnel, was appointed in the territory to keep a check on the ruler The Indian rules were asked not to allow any other European companies to trade with them and enter their territory Indian rulers were told to pay for the subsidiary armed forces of the EIC, disobeying which led to that part of the territory being forfeited by the company

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

How did the assumption of Diwani benefit the East India Company?

Diwani rights are the rights that the British acquired to collect their own revenues and have the authority to decide on civil cases. This right benefited the East India Company in several ways: It allowed the Company to use the vast revenue resources of Bengal The monopoly of the East India Company on trade started Revenue of Bengal was used to export Indian goods out of the country

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

What were the areas of conflict between the Bengal nawabs and the East India Company?

After the first British factory was set up in 1651 on the banks of the river Hugli, the East India company started allowing more of its merchants and traders to visit and settle down in the city of Bengal. The reasons that caused the conflicts between Bengal nawabs and East India Company were: Nawabs denied concessions to the East India Company on many occasions Nawabs also demanded large tributes from the company The company denied paying taxes d. The company officials wrote insulting letters to the nawabs

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

(a) The Mughal empire became stronger in the eighteenth century. (b) The English East India Company was the only European company that traded with India. (c) Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the ruler of Punjab. (d) The British did not introduce administrative changes in the territories they conquered.

(a) The Mughal empire became stronger in the eighteenth century – False (b) The English East India Company was the only European company that traded with India – False (c) Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the ruler of Punjab – True (d) The British did not introduce administrative changes in the territories they conquered – False

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

(a) The British conquest of Bengal began with the Battle of ___________. (b) Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan were the rulers of ___________. (c) Dalhousie implemented the Doctrine of ___________. (d) Maratha kingdoms were located mainly in the ___________ part of India.

(a) The British conquest of Bengal began with the Battle of Plassey (b) Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan were the rulers of Mysore. (c) Dalhousie implemented the Doctrine of Lapse (d) Maratha kingdoms were located mainly in the South-western part of India.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Match the following: Diwani Tipu Sultan “Tiger of Mysore” Right to collect land revenue Faujdari Adalat Sepoy Rani Channamma Criminal Court Sipahi Led an anti-British movement in Kitoor

Answer. Diwani Right to collect land revenue “Tiger of Mysore” Tipu Sultan Faujdari Adalat Criminal Court Rani Channamma Led an anti-British movement in Kitoor Sipahi Sepoy

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

What were the circumstances which led to the eventual collapse of indigo production in Bengal?

The collapse of indigo production in Bengal was caused by the following circumstances: Ryots’ denied producing the indigo anymore. Protests started taking place by the peasants/ryots supported by the zamindars. Following the protests, the Indigo Commission was constituted by the government, which accepted the faults of the planters and asked the planters to stop the cultivation. Planters eventually moved out of the city.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Why were ryots reluctant to grow indigo?

The ryots were reluctant to grow indigo for the below-given reasons: They were paid very low prices for it. The ryots never saw any profit accruing from the indigo plantation. Ryots were asked to grow indigo on the fertile parts of their land by the planters, which they were apprehensive about.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Give two problems which arose with the new Munro system of fixing revenue.

The new Munro system of fixing revenue posed two problems: The revenue demand was fixed way too high for peasants to pay. Peasants were unable to pay the rent, which culminated in villages getting deserted.

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