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Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Why did Phule dedicate his book Gulamgiri to the American movement to free slaves?

Jyotirao Phule wrote his book, ‘Gulamgiri’ in 1873. The title of the book means ‘Slavery.’ From 1861 to 1865, the American Civil war was being fought. The Civil War began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people. Phule dedicated his book to all those Americans who had fought to free slaves, thus establishing a link between the conditions of the “lower” castes in India and the black slaves in America.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

How did Jyotirao, the reformer, justify his criticism of caste inequality in society?

Jyotirao Phule, who stood against caste inequality, believed that the upper castes being ‘Aryans’, were not the original inhabitants of their lands. He put forward his opinions by telling people that the land has always belonged to the lower-caste people and that the Aryans were outsiders. He looked forward to the golden age when lower-caste people would live peacefully without the intrusion of upper castes.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

In the British period, what new opportunities opened up for people who came from castes that were regarded as “low”?

The poor from the villages and small towns, many of them from low castes, began moving to the cities where there was a new demand for labour. Some also went to work in plantations in Assam, Mauritius, Trinidad and Indonesia. The poor and the people from low castes saw this as an opportunity to get away from the oppressive hold that upper-caste landowners exercised over their lives and the daily humiliation they suffered.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Why were Christian missionaries attacked by many people in the country? Would some people have supported them too? If so, for what reasons?

The Christian missionaries were attacked by the people, as they were involved in the religious conversion of poor and tribal people, that is, converting a Hindu into a Christian. These missionaries also set up schools for tribal and poor kids to learn. However, the larger section of people who looked down upon the poor people and tribal people did not like the idea of exposing tribal people to education. Hence, the attacks on Christian missionaries started.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

What were the different reasons people had for not sending girls to school?

There were the following reasons for people not sending their girls to school: They feared that schools would take girls away from home. Schools will prevent them from doing their domestic duties. Girls had to travel through public places in order to reach school. Travelling to schools would have a corrupting influence on them. They felt that girls should stay away from public spaces.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

How did the knowledge of ancient texts help the reformers promote new laws?

Ram Mohan Roy was well-versed in Sanskrit, Persian and several other Indian and European languages. He tried to show through his writings that the practice of widow burning had no sanction in ancient texts. The strategy adopted by Ram Mohan Roy was used by later reformers as well. Whenever they wished to challenge a practice that seemed harmful, they tried to find a verse or sentence in the ancient sacred texts that supported their point of view. They then suggested that the practice, as it existed at present, was against early tradition. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar used the ancient texts to suggest that widows could remarry.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

State whether true or false: (a) When the British captured Bengal they framed many new laws to regulate the rules regarding marriage, adoption, the inheritance of property, etc. (b) Social reformers had to discard the ancient texts in order to argue for reform in social practices. (c) Reformers got full support from all sections of the people of the country. (d) The Child Marriage Restraint Act was passed in 1829.

Answer. (a) True (b) False (c) False (d) False

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

What social ideas did the following people support? a. Rammohun Roy b. Dayanand Saraswati c. Veerasalingam Pantulu d. Jyotirao Phule e. Pandita Ramabai f. Periyar g. Mumtaz Ali h. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

Answer. Rammohun Roy – Ban of Sati Dayanand Saraswati – Widow Remarriage Veerasalingam Pantulu – Widow Remarriage Jyotirao Phule – Equality amongst castes Pandita Ramabai – Women’s education Periyar – Equality for untouchables Mumtaz Ali – Women’s education Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar – Widow remarriage

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

In what ways did the British change their policies as a result of the rebellion of 1857?

After the revolt of 1857, the British Crown directly took over the Indian administration. The powers of the East India Company were transferred to the Crown. The following changes were made: Doctrine of Lapse policy was abolished The number of Indian sepoys was reduced in the army so that in future, they would not be able to rebel against the British Zamindars’ and landowners’ rights were further enhanced The Crown promised that it would not interfere with the religion of the people. A Viceroy and a Secretary of the state were appointed for the administration of Indian society.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

How did the British succeed in securing the submission of the rebel landowners of Awadh?

The British followed a two-pronged approach to suppress the rebel landowners of Awadh. They are as follows: The first approach was to hang the rebel landowners who had killed British personnel in order to threaten the people of Awadh by showing them the consequences of any revolts in future. The second approach was to reward the loyal landowners of Awadh. The British stated that if the landowners had not killed any British personnel and if they agreed to submit before the British, they would be offered safety and could retain their share of lands.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

What impact did Bahadur Shah Zafar’s support for the rebellion have on the people and the ruling families?

Aurangzeb was considered the last strong and powerful Mughal ruler of India. After his death, the Mughal rulers had only a symbolic presence. But Mughal rulers still had their influence over small chiefs and rulers across the country. The revolt of 1857 started only when Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last ruler of the Mughals, gave his permission. His support for the revolt made leaders from various places become confident about opposing the British. Zafar asked all the leaders to form a confederacy to fight against the British. Many small and large kingdoms, rulers and chieftains supported the revolt after Bahadur Shah Zafar extended his support to the revolt. Hence, his support for the rebellion had a widespread effect on the people and the ruling families.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

What could be the reasons for the confidence of the British rulers about their position in India before May 1857?

The British became confident about their position in India because of the following reasons: The Mughal rulers, after the death of Aurangzeb, were not strong and powerful. Hence, it was easier for the British to annex states. The disunity between nawabs and the Mughal rulers helped the British have a firm stronghold over Indian society, starting from Bengal. The policies, like Subsidiary Alliance, helped the British annexe territories one after another, without the use of any military power. The revolt of 1857 was crushed by the British, leading to their supremacy over Indian society.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

How did the last Mughal emperor live the last years of his life?

The last Mughal emperor was Bahadur Shah Zafar. His title as the Mughal emperor was a symbolic one. After the death of Aurangzeb, the Mughal rulers lost their power and held only a symbolic stature. Zafar was also the symbolic head of the 1857 revolt. However, once the revolt was crushed, Bahadur Shah Zafar was tried in court. He was blinded by the British and was imprisoned. Later in 1858, he, along with his wife, was sent to Rangoon, where he died in 1862.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

What objections did the sepoys have to the new cartridges that they were asked to use?

The new cartridges were unacceptable to the Indian sepoys, as they held the belief that these had been coated by the fat of cows and pigs. The sepoys had to bite the cartridges to load them. But their religion did not allow them even to touch these cartridges. Hence, they refused to use the new cartridges.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

What did the British do to protect the interests of those who converted to Christianity?

After 1830, the Company allowed Christian missionaries to function freely in its domain and even own land and property. In 1850, a new law was passed to make the conversion to Christianity easier. This law allowed an Indian who had converted to Christianity to inherit the property of his ancestors. Many Indians began to feel that the British were destroying their religion, their social customs and their traditional way of life.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

What was the demand of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi that was refused by the British?

Rani Lakshmibai was the queen of Jhansi. She had adopted a son. Hence, she wanted her son to be the ruler of Jhansi. However, according to Lord Dalhousie’s Doctrine of Lapse policy, an adopted heir would not be allowed to acquire the kingdom once the father died, and the same would be annexed by the British. Hence, Rani Lakshmibai’s demand to recognise her adopted son as the male heir of the kingdom was refused by the British.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Discuss those developments of the 1937-47 period that led to the creation of Pakistan.

The developments of 1937-47, which led to the creation of Pakistan, are given below: A two-nation theory – Initially the Muslim league never mentioned Pakistan to be the nation of Muslims however; since the 1930s, it started demanding a separate country for Muslims. Provincial elections of 1937 – The elections were a decisive factor for Muslim league to decide that Muslims are a minority in India and they have to have a separate nation for them for their just representation in the politics. Rift between congress and Muslim league – When congress rejected the Muslim league’s offer for a joint congress-league government in united provinces, the league decided to part ways forever. Failed talks – No discussion could turn out to be successful, where both Congress and Muslim league could come to a conclusion of a single nation. British too, at the end of 2nd world war, opened negotiation talks with both congress and the league. However, it turned futile. Provincial elections of 1946 – Muslim league’s spectacular victory on the seats reserved for Muslims gave them the confidence to create a separate nation. Mass agitation – The failure of cabinet mission of 1946 led to the mass agitation led by the Muslim league. Partition was finalised and Pakistan was born.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Why did Gandhiji choose to break the salt law?

The Salt March related the general desire of freedom to a specific grievance shared by everybody and thus did not divide the rich and the poor. Hence, in 1930, Gandhiji declared that he would lead a march to break the salt law.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

Discuss the various forms that the Non-Cooperation Movement took in different parts of India. How did people understand Gandhiji?

Different places in the country showed different reactions, given below: At Kheda in Gujarat, Patidar peasants organised nonviolent campaigns against the high land revenue demand of the British. In coastal Andhra and interior Tamil Nadu, liquor shops were picketed. In the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, tribals and poor peasants staged a number of “forest satyagraha”, sometimes sending their cattle into forests without paying grazing fee. In Sind (now in Pakistan), Muslim traders and peasants were very enthusiastic about the Khilafat call. In Bengal too, the Khilafat-Non-Cooperation alliance gave enormous communal unity and strength to the national movement. In Punjab, the Akali agitation of the Sikhs sought to remove corrupt mahants – supported by the British – from their gurdwaras. People thought of Gandhiji as a kind of messiah, as someone who could help them overcome their misery and poverty. Gandhiji wished to build class unity and not class conflict. Yet, peasants could imagine that he would help them in their fight against zamindars, and agricultural labourers believed he would provide them with the land. At times, ordinary people credited Gandhiji with their own achievement.

Social StudiesClass 8CBSE

How was the politics of the Radicals within the Congress different from that of the Moderates?

In the fight for swaraj, the radicals advocated mass mobilisation and boycott of British institutions and goods. Some individuals also began to suggest that “revolutionary violence” would be necessary to overthrow British rule. Moderates, on the other hand, wanted to follow the rules, the laws and the order posed by the British. They followed the ‘practise of prayers’ which the radicals totally opposed

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