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Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

In a discussion on the experience of the working of our Constitution, three speakers took three different positions: (a) Harbans: The Indian Constitution has succeeded in giving us a framework of democratic government. (b) Neha: The Constitution made solemn promises of ensuring liberty, equality and fraternity. Since this has not happened, the Constitution has failed. (c) Nazima: The Constitution has not failed us. We have failed the Constitution. Do you agree with any of these positions? If yes, why? If not, what is your own position?

In the above mentioned conversation of three people focused whether the working of ourConstitution is fruitful or not:(a) Indian Constitution is a document consisting the supreme and fundamental laws of countryabout powers, functions and structures of the government. Constitution also shows that how the organs of government are interrelated with each otheras well as the relationship between the government and its citizens. In the Preamble of Constitution, India has been declared A Sovereign, Socialist, Secular,Democratic Republic to provide social, economic and political justice to all the citizens alongwith introduction of universal adult franchise also. But in practice Indian democracy issuffering from various social and economic evils which have proved a curse.(b) Equality and freedom of citizens is disturbed on the basis of some unconstitutional activities.  Though the provisions for free and fair elections have been made even then money and muscle power is prevailing everywhere.  Sometimes political leaders are found to belong to criminal background and some play the politics of vote bank.  The judiciary has to interfere in the functioning of executive and legislatures,  Various problems are still being faced by country, i.e. terrorism, naxalism, communal riots, etc. Hence, we agree with the position of Neha that the goals which were supposed to be achieved through Constitution, has not still been achieved due to above mentioned facts, so we can say that the Constitution has failed to fulfill the needs of the individuals. (c)  We have failed the Constitution because we have not applied our sincere efforts towards citizens’ welfare properly.  Corruption has taken place in public and private sector both, this is not only due to representatives but the citizens are not vigilant and dutiful also.  The citizens are also supposed to be active in public affairs and to support other citizens in the exercise of the rights and discharge of obligations.  The citizens should get themselves educated to curb social and economic inequality to implement the Constitution. Hence, it can be concluded that Constitution has not failed us but we have failed the Constitution due to our negligence towards our rights and duties.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Raj at asked his teacher this question: “The constitution is a fifty year old and therefore outdated book. No one took my consent for implementing it. It is written in such tough language that I cannot understand it. Tell me why should I obey this document?” If you were the teacher, how would you answer Rajat?

Had I been the teacher I would answer Rajat: Indian Constitution is a blend of flexibility and rigidity. Hence, despite being fifty years old,it is not outdated as it has been amended a number of times whenever required to be modifiedfrom time to time. The Constitution was framed by the Constituent Assembly of an elected representatives fromevery section of society. Though Constituent Assembly was dominated by Congress which occupied 82% of the seatsin Assembly, but it has representation from every class, religion and communities, regions toaccommodate all shades of opinion within it. Though it is not possible to consult each and every individual in framing of Constitution,hence, the provisions were made to elect representatives from every section to reflect thepeople from all these.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

The Japanese Constitution was made when the US occupation army was still in control of Japan after its defeat in the Second World War. The Japanese constitution could not have had any provision that the US government did not like. Do you see any problem in this way of making the constitution? In which way was the Indian experience different from this?

The Japanese Constitution could not have had any provision that the US government did not like,after the defeat of Japan in Second World War (1939-1945), due to fact that Constitution seeksto perform the functions and look after the interest of the rulers or authorities in the country whohas occupied it. But, in a democratic country, a constitution expresses the fundamental identityof people as in India.Indian experience was different from the experience of Japan in the following manner: The Indian Constitution was framed by the Constituent Assembly which was elected to aspireIndia to be a society free of any sort of discrimination among people. The framers of Indian Constitution worked for leading a life of social dignity and socialrespect along with minimum material well-being and education to an individual.  Indian Constitution enabled the government to fulfill the aspirations of society, to make it more better.  Indian Constitution has inculcated the federal spirit with the distribution of powers between the different levels of government as well as bicameral legislatures and independent judiciary have also been set up.  The Constituent Assembly framed Constitution after a long debates and discussions to provide political, social and legal equalities to the people.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Why is it necessary for a constitution to place limitations on the rulers? Can there be a constitution that gives no power at all to the citizens?

It is necessary for a constitution to place limitations on the rulers: These units are fundamental in the sense that the rulers may not trespass them. Citizens have been specified certain fundamental rights in Constitution to limit powers ofrulers. Citizens have been granted some basic rights of liberties also, ibebright to freedom of speechand expressions, freedom to form trade union and associations, etc. which cannot be checkedby the government. Only during the national emergency or in national interest, these rights may be withdrawnduring some specific periods. It is necessary for a constitution to place limitations on the rulers otherwise they may turn tobe a dictator and may overlook the people’s interest constitution guards and controls therulers.No, there can be no constitution that gives no power to its people: In a Constitutional monarchy, monarch decides the powers of people. In a dictatorship, the ruler is supposed to get the support of people to cling to the power, i.e.,Pakistan’s General Musharraf also conducted periodic referendum to hold power. In a democratic institutions/Constitution; the people are the real source of power where publicmandate is required to enact the policies for rulers. These can’t be a Constitution that gives no power at all to the citizens. It is always for thewelfare of the citizens of the country.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Why is it necessary for a country to have a clear demarcation of powers and responsibilities in the constitution? What would happen in the absence of such a demarcation?

It is necessary for a country to have a clear demarcation of powers and responsibilities in theconstitution because: To ensure that no single institution acquires monopoly of power. In case of transgressions, it may be checked by one of the institutions. To specify who plays important role in decision-making powers. It shows how government would be constituted. It lays down some limits on the government and citizens both which are fundamental in naturewhich should not to be trespassed by government and citizens.  The Constitution shows how organs of government are interrelated along with a demarcation of powers of institutions like legislature, executive and judiciary as well as statutory bodies, ibsb Election Commission of India, etc.  The judiciary has been given a specific place to declare any law unconstitutional if not at par the provisions of Constitution. In the absence of such a demarcation:  The federal set up would get strained and there would be crisis in center as well as states.  There would be a problem to the citizens and laws will be proved to be unjust and unfair

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Give two examples each to support the following conclusions about the Indian Constitution: (a) The Constitution was made by credible leaders who commanded people’s respect. (b) The Constitution has distributed power in such a way as to make it difficult to subvert it. (c) The Constitution is the locus of people’s hopes and aspirations.

(a) The following two factors are responsible: The members of Constituent Assembly were elected by indirect election by the membersof Provincial Legislative Assemblies to be established in 1935. Assembly reflected eachof the communities, provinces, princely states through an appropriate formula. Even 28members belonged to scheduled castes. The members of Constituent Assembly went through long debates and discussions for166 days spread over two years eleven months.(b) The following two factors can be summed up for the same: Our Constitution has made institutional arrangements of government on the basis ofcheck and balance approach. If one of the institutions goes beyond its limitations, theother checks it. The procedure for amendments is well elaborated for different articles of theConstitution.(c) The following factors are responsible for the same because: The Constitution has provided some Fundamental Rights along with protectedprovisions, tibeb the judiciary has powers to protect them. The Constitution of India has incorporated some ‘Directive Principles of State Policy’which are not justiciable but a moral duty of government. The government has also givensome effects to these in the form of fixed minimum wages, formation of Panchayati RajInstitutions, employment guarantee scheme and mid-day meal schemes, etc. to be thehopes and aspirations of the people.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

State whether the following inferences about the making of the Indian Constitution are Correct or Incorrect. Give reasons to support your answer. (a) The Constituent Assembly did not represent the Indian people since it was not elected by all citizens. (b) Constitution making did not involve any major decision since there was a general consensus among the leaders at that time about its basic framework. (c) There was little originality in the Constitution, for much of it was borrowed from other countries

(a) It is incorrect to say that Constituent Assembly did not represent Indian peoplebecause: Although the members of Constituent Assembly were not elected by Universal suffrage,but there was a serious attempt to make the Assembly a representative body. The Constituent Assembly represented the members of all religions, social and economicgroups to accommodate all shades of opinion within it. The Assembly had 26 members even from scheduled castes.(b) It is correct to say because: Objective the Resolution containing principles was moved by Nehru in 1946 brought bythe nationalist movement. Constituent Assembly could not have functioned without any background consensus onmain principles.  Our constitution does not have only rules and procedures but a moral commitment also to establish a government to fulfill the promises made to peoples. (c) It is incorrect to say because:  Though they borrowed a number of provisions from Constitutions of different countries but it was not based upon slavish imitations.  Each provision before it was included, well considered by the members of Constituent Assembly.  Long debates and discussions also took place to examine the suitability to the conditions prevailing in India along with problems and aspirations of the people.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

State whether the following statements about a constitution are True or False: (a) Constitutions are written documents about formation and power of the government. (b) Constitutions exist and are required only in democratic countries. (c) Constitution is a legal document that does not deal with ideals and values. (d) A constitution gives its citizens a new identity

(d)

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Which of the following is a good reason to conclude that the authority of the constitution is higher than that of the parliament? (a) The constitution was framed before the parliament came into being. (b) The constitution makers were more eminent leaders than the members of the parliament. (c) The constitution specifies how parliament is to be formed and what are its powers. (d) The constitution cannot be amended by the parliament.

(c)

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Which of these is not a function of the constitution? (a) It gives a guarantee of the rights of the citizen. (b) It marks out different spheres of power for different branches of government. (c) It ensures that good people come to power. (d) It gives expression to some shared values.

(c)

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

What are the powers and functions of the chairperson of the Rajya Sabha?

The Vice President of India is the chairperson of Rajya Sabha to perform the followingfunctions: To preside over the meetings of Rajya Sabha. To allow members to speak. To maintain relevance in debates and to stop the members if anyone usesun¬parliamentary language. He is the custodian of the diginity of house and protects the privileges of themembers of the Rajya Sabha. He preserves order in the house and if situation goes out of control he can suspendthe meetings. He is not allowed to vote, but in case of equality of votes, he has a casting vote.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

How does Indian Parliament control the Executive?

The Prime Minister and his Council is elected out of the parliament who participatein the proceedings of the Parliament. The members of Parliament can put up the questions from council of ministers andare entitled to get satisfactory responses. The Parliament can invite attention of council of ministers towards the seriousproblem in the nation through an adjournment motion. The ministers are responsible to the parliament for their actions and policies. Parliament has the right to enjoy the ‘no confidence motion’ also against thegovernment.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

How is the speaker of the Lok Sabha elected? What are his main functions?

The speaker presides over the meetings of the Lok Sabha and conducts itsproceedings. The Lok Sabha elects him in the first sitting. The person who gets majority is elected as the speaker to impartially conduct thebusiness of the House.The speaker conducts the following functions: To preside over the meetings of the Lok Sabha. To appoint the chairperson and other members of select committees. To maintain discipline in the House. To decide whether a bill is Money Bill or not. To grant permission to introduce any bill in the house. To protect the privileges of the members of the Lok Sabha

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Mention the special powers of the Rajya Sabha.

The Rajya Sabha alone can initiate the proposal for removing the Vice-President andit can create one or more All India services on passing a resolution by 2/3 majority. Under Article 249, the Rajya Sabha may declare a resolution to be passed by 2/3majority that Parliament should make laws with respect to any matter enumeratedin the state list.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

What is the composition of the State Legislative Council?

 1/3 members are elected by the State Legislative Assembly and these persons arenot to be the members of the State Legislative Assembly. 1/3 of the members are elected by the local bodies like corporations, Municipalities,Panchayats, Zila Parishad, etc. 1/12 of the members are elected by the teachers of not lower than Higher SecondarySchools. Teachers who have three years of standing are entitled to vote in theelections  1/6 of the total members of the council are nominated by the Governor, who havedistinction in the field of Literature, Science, Fine Arts and Social Service. 1/12 of the members are elected by the university graduates of at least 3 years ofstanding.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

How can you say that “Upper House is permanent in Bi-cameral Legislature”?

In Bi-cameral legislature, the two Houses exist, one is known as the Upper House andthe other is Lower House. The Upper House is permanent: The members to the senate of Canada are nominated for whole life. The House of Lords in Britain is hereditary which never ceases to exist. The one-third members of the Rajya Sabha in India get retired after every two yearsand new members are elected there. Hence, they enjoy the tenure of six years aswell as it never dissolves.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

What is a Bi-cameral legislature? Explain

A Bi-cameral legislature is a two-chambered legislature: The second chamber has its merits and demerits both. Bi-cameral system is getting popular now-a-days due to its merits. In countries like India, USA, UK, Switzerland, Canada, the Bi-cameral Legislature isexperienced.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Give some arguments in favour of Uni-cameral legislature

 Uni-cameral legislature helps to maintain uniformity and unity of legislature as wellas the people cannot have two opinions at a time on the same subject. Uni-cameral proceedings save money and time because the salaries paid to themembers of other house, can be used in some other useful works as well as any billis not sent to any other house which saves time also.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Mention power of Parliament to amend the Constitution

The Parliament can amend the Constitution: By passing the bill by simple majority in both the Houses of Parliament. By special majority in both the Houses of Parliament. By 2/3 majority of both the Houses of Parliament and the consent of more than halfof the total states.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

How is the Lok Sabha more powerful than the Rajya Sabha?

 Lok Sabha exercises full control over the executive while the Rajya Sabha does notexercise any effective control. The members of Lok Sabha are elected by direct participation of the people whileRajya Sabha is formed by an indirect election. The Money Bills are introduced only in the Lok Sabha and only sent forrecommendations to the Rajya Sabha and if, within 14 days, it is not returned, it isassumed to be passed.

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