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How is the Lok Sabha formed?

The Lok Sabha is the Lower House of the Parliament having 545 members: Its members are elected by the people who enjoy the right to vote. To conduct its elections, the country is divided into constituencies, and membersare elected from here. Two Anglo-Indians are nominated to it by the President

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

How has the system of parliamentary committee affected the overseeing and appraisal of legislation by the Parliament?

 The Parliament meets only for sessions, hence it has limited time to consider a billin depth. Parliament committees have been set up since 1983 in the various departments todiscuss the particular bill. These committees include business advisory committees, estimate committee, thepublic accounts committee, etc. These committees have reduced the burden of Parliament as they gather wholeinformation on the bill and can ask any member to appear before it. After that committee sends its report, the Parliament debates on it as well as providesome necessary recommendations and approve it. Without the approval of Parliament, no bill can become a law, but any suggestion israrely rejected.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Arrange the different stages of passing of a bill into a law in their correct sequence: (a) A resolution is passed to admit the bill for discussion (b) The bill is referred to the President of India – write what happens next if s/he does not sign it. (c) The bill is referred to other House and is passed. (d) The bill is passed in the house in which it was proposed. (e) The bill is read clause by clause and each is voted upon. (f) The bill is referred to the subcommittee – the committee makes some changes and sends it back to the house for discussion. (g) The concerned minister proposes the need for a bill. (h) Legislative department in ministry of law, drafts a bill.

Correct sequence is: Legislative department in ministry of law, drafts a bill. The concerned minister proposes the need for a bill. A resolution is passed to admit the bill for discussion. The bill is referred to the subcommittee-the committee makes some changes andsends it back to the house for discussion. The bill is read clause by clause and each is voted upon. The bill is passed in the house in which it was proposed. The bill is referred to other house and is passed. The bill is referred to the Pi evident of India.Though the consent of the President results in the enactment of a bill into a law. But ifthe President does not sign it, he can withhold or refuse to give assent to the bill (otherthan Money Bill), passed by the parliament. The president can send the bill back forreconsideration’s. And if it is passed again by the parliament, the President is bound togive his assent to the bill.But, there is no time limit to send the bill back for reconsideration. Hence, the presidentcan keep the bill pending with him without any time constant.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Dolly and Sudha are debating about the efficiency and effectiveness of the Parliament in recent times. Dolly believed that the decline of Indian Parliament is evident in the less time spent on debate and discussion and increase in the disturbances of the functioning of the House and walkouts, etc. Sudha contends that the fall of different governments on the floor of the Lok Sabha is a proof of its vibrancy. What other arguments can you provide to support or oppose the positions of Dolly and Sudha?

 On the live telecast of proceedings of the Parliament, the members fight bitterly,which create a wastage of nation’s time and fund. Some of the members who do not fulfill their duty honestly, create uproars in thehouse. Dolly views the decline of Parliament because less time is spent in discussions anddisturbances are decreased in an unparliamentary any methods. The party leaders should restrain own party members from creating suchdisturbances in the proceedings. The presiding officers should take effective action on these misbehavior as well asthe members should be made educated to the constructive behavior.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Which of the following statements you agree with the most? Give your reasons. (a) Legislators must be free to join any party they want. (b) Anti-defection law has contributed to the domination of the party leaders over the legislators. (c) Defection is always for selfish purposes and therefore, a legislator who wants to join another party must be disqualified from being a minister for the next two years.

In all the above three statements, I agree most with the second statement because: Party leaders have issued the party-rules as if a member remains absent in the houseon a particular day or votes against the instructions of the party, his membership ofthe party would be terminated. If a legislature is free to join any party, he wants, then it will be against the will ofvoters who have elected them.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Arif wanted to know that if ministers propose most of the important bills and if the majority party often gets the government bills passed, what is the role of the Parliament in the law making process? What answer would you give him?

Because: The council of ministers is accountable to the lower house and if a bill does notsucceed to be passed by the parliament, it shows the loss of majority of party in thehouse, hence the government will have to resign. A bill is introduced in either of the house in case of non-Money Bill and if Money Billcan be introduced only in the Lok Sabha for the debates and discussions in variousstages. If any bill does not fulfill the interest of the people, the parliament pressurizes thegovernment to withdraw the bill but if it is in the interest of the people, it pressurizesthe government to initiate the bill. The Money Bill cannot be denied by the Rajya Sabha, it can delay it only for 14 daysand after the 14 days are passed, the bill is deemed to have been passed. If, there is a tussle between the two houses, a joint session of parliament resolvesthe issues.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

The following are some proposals for making the Parliament more effective. State if you agree or disagree with each of them and give your reasons. Explain what would be the effect if these suggestions were accepted. (a) Parliament should work for longer period. (b) Attendance should be made compulsory for members of Parliament. (c) Speakers should be empowered to penalise members for interrupting the proceedings of the House.

(a) Yes, I agree because the parliament is supposed to ensure a responsible governmentbut in the absence of proper time as well as boycott of sessions and oppositions delaythe important bills also remain pending for longer period. Hence, the parliament shouldwork for some longer duration to control the executives through debates, discussionsand censures to avoid pendency of bills.(b) Yes, I agree with the view because: The proceedings of the houses get suspended due to lack of quorum. Money Bills delays for a longer period. It shows an injustice towards the people who have elected them and whatever theconstituencies are being represented by them.(c) Yes, I agree with this view also because: A speaker of Lok Sabha is a presiding officer to regulate the business of the House. Now-a-days, some members create noisy uproars and disturb the proceedings of ‘the house. Sometimes, members create so much discomfort to compel the speaker to adjournthe House.Hence, the precious time of the house is wasted and not utilized in the constructivedebates.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Rather than effective control of the executive, the Lok Sabha is a platform for the expression of popular sentiments and people’s expectations. Do you agree? Give reasons.

Yes, I agree to this view that rather than effective control of the executive, the Lok Sabhais a platform for the expression of popular sentiments and people’s expectations. Itsreasons are: The members of the Lok Sabha express their views on the bill during discussion. These members carry sentiments and expectations of their constituencies’ peopleto the parliament. A debate on a particular bill takes place and opens the path for its modifications, etc.if required. Money Bills have to be introduced in the Lok Sabha only. The Parliament enjoys the powers to frame laws on the subjects given in the unionlist and concurrent list if required.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Why can the Lok Sabha control the executive more effectively than the Rajya Sabha can?

 The government is formed by the party who gets the majority in the Lok Sabha. The members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the poeple. The Lok Sabha enjoys the power to remove any executive from the office while theRajya Sabha cannot remove any executive from the office.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Aclass was debating the merits of a bicameral system. The following points were made during the discussion. Read the arguments and say if you agree or disagree with each of them, giving reasons. (a) Neha said that bicameral legislature does not serve any purpose. (b) Shama argued that experts should be nominated in the second chamber. (c) Tridib said that if a country is not a federation, then there is no need to have a second chamber.

(a) This statement is not true because in a large country like India, two houses oflegislature are preferred to give due representation to all sections of the society as wellas the monopoly of either the chamber can be approached as ‘check and balance’.(b) The President nominates 12 members in the Rajya Sabha from among the personswho have distinctions in the field of literature, art, social services, etc., who areexperienced and possess intellectual depth.(c) Tridib’s argument is also not true because the second chamber is also required togive representations to all sections of society even though it might not be thefederation.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Alok thinks that a country needs an efficient government that looks after the welfare of the people. So, if we simply elected our Prime Minister and Ministers and left to them the task of government, we will not need a legislature. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.

will create only a dictatorship and a true representative democracy cannot bematerialised: A legislature frames the laws and the executives run the government oradministration. The legislature helps people to hold the council of ministers accountable. In the absence of legislature, council of ministers would become unresponsive to thepeople’s hopes and aspiration.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Mention those factors which ensure the independence of the judiciary in India.

Judges of Supreme Court and high court are appointed by the President of India onthe consultation of Chief Justice and governor of the state in the case of high court.Hence, appointment of judges make it independent, free from any pressure ofpolitical parties. The judges of India are supposed to be highly qualified because a highly qualifiedperson can judge the cases in an independent manner as’ well as they are expertiseof law on the basis of experience of five or ten years as an advocate. The method to remove judges in India, is very difficult because no judge can beremoved from the post before he attains the age of retirement. A judge enjoys a fixed tenure of his service till the age of retirement and avails moreexperience and delivers justice on honest and sincere basis. To make judges impartial they are provided with the handsome salaries so that theycould not accept bribe or run after money.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

What is the importance of judiciary in a democratic country like India?

Judiciary plays an important role in imparting justice to people due to complex natureof society. Hence, it performs the following functions: The judiciary acts as a custodian of the constitution by interpreting it in a propermanner as it can declare any law passed by legislature ultra vires andunconstitutional if it is against the spirit of constitution. The judiciary performs the legislative functions by way of giving judge made laws tofill up the gap between the legislature and society. The judiciary performs some administrative functions by keeping a check on thesmooth functioning of each court. The judiciary advice’s the head of the state on the validity of particular law so that itcan not be declared unconstitutional after it is passed. It is the duty of the judiciary to see whether the people could enjoy theirfundamental rights without any contradiction. The judiciary look after minors, issues licenses, grant probates, bails and administeroath of office, etc.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

What is Public Interest Litigation? Explain.

 The Public Interest Litigation was initiated by some judges of the Supreme Court. PIL can register a complaint through an application or mentioned on postcartd. PIL has been used to provide reliefs for undertrial prisoners in jails, acquisitions ofcycle, rickshaws by licensed rickshaw pullers, prohibition of human trafficking, etc. Due importance is given to the weaker sections, bonded labour, women andchildren. The PIL acquired new dimensions under the leadership of former Chief Justice P.N.Bhagwati.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

What are Lok Adalats? Explain.

 Lok Adalats resolve disputes on the basis of discussion, counselling to providespeedy and Chief Justice alongwith the mutual and free consultation of the partiesconcerned. Lok Adalats reduce time and expenditure also. These were established to eliminate delay in imparting justice and to speed upclearance of pending cases earliest possible. In 1985, in Delhi, the first Lok Adalat was held and 150 cases were decided within asingle day.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

What is the jurisdiction of the high courts?

The high courts are empowered to issue orders, directions and writs for theenforcement of fundamental rights and for any other purpose also. The high courts of Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata exercises original jurisdiction asthey had before the enforcement of the new constitution on the cases involvinghearing of Christians Parsis. The above-mentioned high courts also exercise the original jurisdiction when theamount involved is more than? 2,000 and in criminal cases, it extends to casescommitted to them by presidency Magistrates. The jurisdiction of the high courts also extends to the matters of administration,matrimonial, contempt of court and cases transferred from a lower court.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

Give some suggestions to ensure speedy and inexpensive justice in India.

 The instruments of judicial activism should be availed, i.e. Public Interest Litigationwhich has expanded the idea of rights and duties even to those, who cannotapproach the courts easily. The pendency of cases should be expediated and decided at the earliest possible. Some new courts should be established as well as the fees of courts and advocatesshould be controlled upto minimum extent. Lok Adalats should be established more and these should be publicised also, so thatmaximum people could get justice in a speedy manner.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

What are the powers of the District Court?

 Deals with the cases arising in a district. Considers appeals on decisions of lower courts. Decides cases of serious criminal offences.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

How can a judge of the high court be removed from the office?

Under Article 124, the President will make order to remove a judge only after an addressof each house of Parliament to be supported by two-third majority of members presentand voting.

Political ScienceClass 10CBSE

What are the powers of the high court?

The matters concerning the fundamental rights, will and contempt filed directly inthe high court. A high court controls the working of the lower courts as it lays down rules andregulation for their working. It entertains the appeals against lower courts in civil or criminal cases to be decidedby session judge or district judge.

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